Ibrahim Pasha Essay Example for Free

Ibrahim Pasha EssayIbrahim Pasha makes the sculpturer he found make a sculpture of himself. Kanuni gets very unwarranted with Ibrahim pahsa because of this disrespect of him and doesnt share his feelings about this with anyone. But later on he shares his feelings with Ibrahim pahsa. As a result of this , he wants to resign since he is cowardly of Kanunis anger. Then, Ibrahim pahsa comes can to the palace to pick his belongings from his servants. Ibrahim Pashas wife Hatice sultan asks why he is going, whether he will come back to the palace or not. But he doesnt want to say anything about the situation despite of her insists then he leaves. Hatice Sultan has a nightmare, her nightmare is that her save is killed by Kanuni and the head of her wife is in a sack on the table . When she wakes up, she cries and goes to the salon she opens the sack and sees the head of Ibrahim Pashas sculpture. She thinks her husband has been killed. Then, she goes to her Kanunis palace and asks him whether her husband has been killed or not.Kanuni says he is okay, nevertheless she doesnt believe. Later, Mustafa leaded on his aunt and she went to her mothers room. When Valide Sultan saw Hatice Sultan, she went to speak with her son for this situation and she teaches that Ibrahim Pasche was salutary . Later she mentioned this situation to her sister. I think this part was the resolution of this episode. At the same time, Ibrahim Pasche was together with his twin brother and he confessed that he didnt love Hatice Sultan and he loved Nigar.

Methods of Interrogation Essay Example for Free

Methods of Interrogation EssayAn important component on a methodical approach to criminological research is the aspect of investigation. Utilizing the techniques of interview and investigation, it is primarily bordered by government policies and social regulations. The techniques employed by both draws heavily from the studies of psychology and sociology, as a tool to facilitate the enforcement of law in the society. In probing towards a case, the objective of the entire investigation would be to ascertain the details of the hatred that would in conclusion lead to the offenders arrest and meet its just punishment. But before this could be achieved, investigators had to go first finished the process of discovering and identifying the criminal. Upon the offenders positive identification, law enforcers or investigators go the tedious process of locating the criminal and establish his responsibility over the crime before the court. In whatever stage the investigation may be in, whether in the process of identification, location, or court litigation, the investigator relies heavily on gathered education that could be extracted through techniques of interview and interrogation.With the fast development of technology used in crime investigation, the method of interview and interrogation might be perceived as having of no use. However, investigators still continue to depend on these methods particularly on cases wherein there is scarce or no physical evidence to work on. II. Reasons for Conducting an oppugn or Interrogation The basic reason for utilizing interview or interrogation is to obtain information. The endpoint would be for the investigator to bring a subject to admit or confess of having done a crime.The objective of the entire course of investigation of course, is to arrive at the truth of the situation. Specifically, these are Provoke the guilty to confess Allows the investigator to narrow down the list of suspected criminals To identify the fa cts and know the circumstances surrounding the crime To establish the identity of all those who are involved of the crime To gather information that would help locate physical evidence Gather information that would lead to hideouts, crime operations, organizations or individuals involved, especially crimes involving drug trafficking Gather information that could be used as reference for future investigation It is also utilized as a pre-test and post-test in conducting polygraph tests of suspected criminals (Aubry, Caputo. 1980) III. Difference Between Interview and Interrogation The nature or circumstances by which an interview and interrogation is used vastly differ, although the terms are frequently associated together. Interviews are carried out in a more genial atmosphere. The person from whom information is taken out is set to feel at ease.It is assumed that when a person feels no disturbance or unthreatened by person questioning, the great(p)er the tendency that a person would speak more and thus give out more information. An interview is usually used by an investigator towards a possible witness. On the other hand, when a person is subjected to sever psychological (and sometimes physical) pressure, placing the person in great discomfort, such method is called an interrogation. This is usually employed when the one being questioned is uncooperative.The investigator uses psychological warfare, to gain control and force a confession over the person. advantage in interrogation is achieved when the investigator has learned to skillfully practice it both as a technique and art. Conducting an investigation requires a good understanding of gentle behavior as well as knowing how to influence the situation by acting, since the person being questioned could range from a respected professional, a teenager, or even as young as a child.It is highly relevant to the success of the case that the investigator know how to adapt to the varying demands of the circu mstances. A. Methods of Interrogation In conducting interrogation, it is important that the subject be properly classified whether it is an emotional or non-emotional offender. The classification dictates the course of action that the investigator will undertake his approach towards the offender. activated Offender In carrying out an interrogation under this classification is much easier, compared to a non-emotional offender.Often emotional offenders commit a crime out of passion, and then most are first-time offenders. They are purposen by strong emotions in committing the crime such as jealousy, lust, or anger. The investigator will find it easier to drive him to confession by dealing through his emotions. There are a variety of ways with which this can be done. The investigator primarily wins the confidence of the offender by demonstrating sympathy or compassion, and being pleasant where hostility was expected (i. e. giving a cup of coffee).It is also vital that overt reactio ns towards the crime or any association, reference to it be closely observed. An emotional, first-time offender would less likely be good at hiding his emotions. When manufacture, his strain would easily be observable. The tension in his body will lead to dryness in the mouth. The offender might relieve himself of the tension by playing with his fingers or by tapping his foot. Frequently, lying goes with poor eye contact. When confronted by hard data proving his guilt, emotional offenders often break down for confession.

The International Strategy Of Coca Cola Company Marketing Essay

The International Strategy Of Coca Cola conjunction Marketing striveIn this essay we ar going to study more or less the international strategy of Coca-Cola Comp each using the IR fashion model for the Indian food martplace place. Coca-Cola participation is existence known organic law. The ontogenesis market slightly the arena mostly depends upon the technologies, noesis and integration of market, it clearly demonstrates the flow of knowledge, services, goods and capital by dint of different nations and in which creating the tilt on a world-wide basis creating an integrated international space is called globularization (Porter, 1986 Albrow, 1997 Friedman, 1999 Gupta et al, 1999). Its a very challenging task for any organisation to move from home(prenominal) market or home market to international market, especially for those organisations which be cladding saturated market in their home country (Yip, 2003). The process of globalization is interdependence and in tegration of countries exchanging different trade, culture, outsourcing, capital investment and the growth of the nations relationship. Business systems, knowledge and unification of culture abide led to globalization (Daniels and Krug, 2007).Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia (Palazzini, 1989). The main reasons for the global chance are cheap labour, distribution and transportation, communication and information technology, cultural convergence, increasing dispos suitable of the global middle class, extension of IP rights, reduced trade barriers, privatization programs and development of international standards (St championhouse et al., 2000Denton and Al-Shamali, 2000). India was rated the top international investment opportunity among 30 emerging markets for mass merchandiser and food retailers give earing to expand globally (Business Credit, 2006).. After losing the Indian market previously the company re-entered in the Indian marke t in 1993 and now have 7000 distributors and more than 1.3 million retailers in Indian market. Today the Coca-Cola Company is the leading non-alcoholic potable company with ten different products. Coca-Cola Company is now the largest distributor, manufacturer, marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrup which operate in around 200 countries (coca-cola, 2010). If its international venture is winnerful then the brand name and the brand value increases for the company.Literature checkA Company operating internationally faces two forces of pressure of topical anaesthetic responsiveness and pressure of global integration (Daniels et al, 2009). In 1987 Prahlad and Doz came with a IR framework on internationalization, their IR framework created a big platform for the study on global craft which helps to form an international strategy that has multi dimensional contextual setting. IR framework has limitations for the global industrial competition specified only for the fir st stage, vagueness in the concept that defines the bond between industry forces and finally want of proof for supporting the framework (Rugman et al, 2006). Bartlett and Ghoshal (2008) further studied and came with some additions in IR framework and came up with 4 strategies that are international, global, transitional and multi-domestic approaches to the exotic market. The Global Strategy adopted by Coca-Cola can be critically analyzed using the IR (Integration/ Responsive) framework proposed by Bartlett, Ghoshal and Beamish (2008) and Hill(2009).Figure 1 IR- FrameworkThe global standardization products and services focus on huge profit, but they compromise on their products footing. The marketing research, production and research are make in tiny regions with some certain standard and it is sold globally. So those type of products face a huge pressure in reducing the price according to the place where it is sold for example Intel, a chip company (Hill, 2009). According to Ba rtlett and Ghoshal (2002), a solution for the cross border transmission line is Transnational, which is considered as the important approach for the international market. The transnational strategy gives a lot of pressure to the company for cost reduction and local anaesthetic anaesthetic responsiveness. This could be achieved by transferring the precise skills and expectations of the company from the home country to the needs of the foreign country, where they compete with the local market with reduced price for example Caterpillar (Hill, 2009).Entry ModesEvery organisation looks for the opportunity to expand their duty across borders, and finding the appropriate admission mode is an intricate task for international business concern. Different organisation chose different entry modes, to control foreign operation with strategic decision making and which are compatible with the laws of authorities and culture of the country. There are various modes for entering in the interna tional market like exporting, licensing, franchising, conjugation ventures with the host country firm, acquisition, and wholly owned sassy subsidiary in the foreign Country (Hill, 2009).Joint approximate it is one of the mode of entering and sharing of ownership between two or more firms. The percentage of the ownership varies according to the organisations. The firms holding majority of appoint will have a tight control on the strategy (Hill, 2009). International joint venture benefits the firm from the use of local market knowledge of the host country, culture, competitiveness, legal and political system and development. From International Joint risk the risk can likewise be shared with the local partner. Joint Venture has disadvantages also when a firm enters into a joint venture it risk giving control of the technology to its partners. An opposite disadvantage is if the share of joint venture is not that high or 50-50% then it does not give a firm the tight control over s ubsidiaries that it might need to realize get curve or location economies (Hill, 2009). Used by PepsiCo to enter in the Indian Market.Acquisition it is another method of entering into the international market by acquiring or buying and combination of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a company in a given industry without creating a new business entity (Hill. 2009). Used by Coca-Cola to enter Indian market.It is important for the organisation to consider factors such as the nations long run profit potential, the stinting benefits of that country, the market size, and purchasing power of consumers and customers which is linked to the sparing growth rate when entering in the market (Hill, 2009).Global Strategy of COCA-COLA(Zhang, 2010)Indian market is one of the major developing economies in the world. The Indian economy is one of the worlds fastest growing, with gross domestic product (GDP) expanding at an average annual rate of about 7.5 percent for the past three years (Choi, 2006 The Economist, 2006) and the retail market expanding 10 percent on average (Business Credit, 2006) (anon). The Indian retail market, an estimated $250 billion annually, is the worlds eighth largest market and is projected to grow by more than 7 percent annually (Embassy of India, 2007-Cited in Halepete, 2008). The Coca-Cola Company is mentioned as a global company with global products and global activities. In 1980 the company was moving towards centralised control. At that time the motive of the company are to be global in order to expand geographic wise into many of the countries in which the company does business today. In 1990 the world began to start smaller and smaller as a town for the global companies. globalisation forced changes to appear so fast that many countries could hardly manage the new global environment. As a result, the very forces that were making the world more connected and homogeneous were simultaneously triggering and preservation of uniqu e culture identity. The world is demanding greater flexibility, responsiveness, local sensitivity, nimbleness, speed, transparency and local sensitivity had become essential to success (Draft, 2000). Coca-Cola Company sees itself not as a global organization, but as a multi-local enterprise (Svensson, 2001).Coca-Cola Company historical strength came from operating as a multi-local business that for a very long time relies mostly on the insight of local bottling partners. Thats why the global strategy of coca-cola allows its business in more than 200 countries to act according for local laws, local culture, and local needs and so on. Coca-Cola pursues an assumed global strategy, allowing for differences in packaging, distribution, and media that are important to a finical country or geographical area. Hence, the global strategy is localized through a specific geographic marketing plan. Instead of applying a global strategy, it is apt(predicate) to be a strategy of thinking globally , but acting locally. The global success of Coca-Cola is the direct result of people make happying it one bottle at the time in their own local communities. So we are placing responsibility and accountability in the hands of our colleagues who are closest to those billions of individual sales (Draft, 2000). This signifies that if their local colleagues develop an idea or a strategy that is the right thing to do locally, and it fits within fundamental values, policies, and standards of integrity and quality of the Coca-Cola Company, then they have the sureness and responsibility to do so. At the same time, they will be accountable for the outcomes of the idea or strategy. It is apparent that a company such as the Coca-Cola Company has realized the weaknesses and the deficiencies of applying a genuine or true global strategy approach in their worldwide business activities. To be in high prefer of local ultimate consumer adaptations is emphasized as crucial for their business activi ties to be prosperous.Therefore, their multi-local strategy approach is still going vigorous and adequately for the companys worldwide business activities. In addition Gould (1995) states that coca-cola has become a part of peoples daily meal, a price at which anyone can buy and it is available to people in any part of the world. The IR framework has been used to critically analyse the global strategy of Coca-Cola. COCA-COLA COMPANY saw that there is an opportunity in Asian market and their home market situation is saturated. COCA-COLA COMPANY decided to re-enter in the Indian market in 1993. Indian government plays a major component in every international company and had a law that any international company have to become a partner in Indian market with an Indian company. To overcome this problem COCA-COLA COMPANY acquisition of local Indian popular brands including the THUMS UP (the most trusted brand in India), Mazza, prosperous Sport, Citra and Limca providing a good base not only in bottling, manufacturing and distribution assets but also very good unbendable consumer preference(Kaul, 2003). From this acquisition the leading Indian brands join the family of global brand and its products like coca-cola, diet coke and others. From this acquisition Coca-Cola enables to exploit the benefits global branding and global trends in taste while also tapping in other domestic markets (Lane, 1998). Coca-Cola adopted the standardisation strategy to produce and sell its standardised products globally (Rodrigues, 2009). Coca-Cola Company do franchise with the local manufacturing bottling companies through which they have a local response and local touch.In India COCA-COLA COMPANY have 46 bottling plants from which 22 are company own and rest are the franchise operated plant (Coca-Cola, 2010). After re-entering the Indian market in 1993 the COCA-COLA COMPANY operations grown rapidly through a model that supports local business which take ons over 1.3 million retaile rs and over 7000 distributors across the country. Coca-cola has been successful in the global market as well as Indian market because it follows the local strategies and is able to deliver as per the needs of the local people by manufacturing and distribution by the local company (Hill, 2009). In manufacturing the product the water which is used is local from which the customers get the local taste. The company have an approach where in, their business does not get influenced by the area of sales. Rodrigues (2009), states that Coca-Cola pursues the global strategy of producing diverse products as per the local culture. For instance in India people prefer sweeter coke. Also Coca-Cola launched Georgia, a canned coffee specially intended for Indian market which captured 40% of the market curtly after its launch (Hill, 2009).According to Cokecce.com (2007), Coca-Cola trains their managers in their management school, to make them aware of the global perspective of their operations.Figur e 2 IR-FrameworkAdapted from (Bartlett, Ghoshal and Beamish (2008) and Hill(2009))Manufacturing Distribution biddingThis picture is to explain the process from the production and manufacturing to the consumers.Marketing is one of the back bones of any global industry in any country. As to go on in the market ahead from the competitors, marketing plays the major role in Indian market for soft drinks. The post- liberalization period in India saw the buffet of Cola but Pepsi(one of the major competitor India) had al get beaten Coca-Cola to the punch, creatively entering the market in the 1980s in advance of the liberalization by the way of joint venture. Coca-Cola Company benefited from Pepsi creating demand and developing the market for soft drinks. (Kaul, 2004)Coca-Cola Company marketing strategy is based on 3 As that are Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The first A is for availability of the product to the customers. The second A is for affordability is for pricing and the third A is for acceptability which stands convincing the customer to buy the product.In 2001 Coca-Cola chief operating officer Douglas Daft set the new direction for next generation of success for global brand with a Think global, act local mantra. Recognizing that a virtuoso global strategy or single global campaign wouldnt work, locally relevant executions became an increasingly important element of supporting Cokes global brand strategy. Coca-Cola Company re-examined its approach in an attempt to gain leadership in the Indian market and capitalize on significant growth potential in the unsophisticated markets. The foundation the new strategy grounded brand piazzaing and marketing communications in consumer insight, acknowledging that urban versus rural India were two distinct markets on a variety show of important dimensions. (Kaul, 2004) In rural market, where both the soft drink category and individual brands were undeveloped, the task was to broaden the brand posi tioning while in urban markets, with higher category and brand development, the task was to broaden the brand positioning while in urban markets, with higher category and brand development, the task to delineate the brand positioning focusing on differentiation through offering unique and compelling value. (Kaul, 2004)Coca-Cola used two different marketing strategies for each urban and rural market. The first marketing life ho to aisi agency life as it should be for urban market and the other was thanda matlab coca cola which means cool or cold is coca cola which hit the rural target very highly and gain the market very efficiently because the 96% of the population are in rural and developing cities. Coca-Cola Company reduced its rate for the rural market by providing 200ml bottle so that those customers and consumers whose wages are not so high can also have it. (Kaul, 2004) At the same time, Coke invested in distribution infrastructure to effectively serve a disbursed population and doubled the number of retail outlets in rural areas from 80,000 in 2001 to 160,000 in 2003, increasing market penetration from 13 to 25%. As a result of the marketing campaign, Coca-Cola won Advertiser of the year and Campaign of the year 2003. (Kaul, 2004)Swot abbreviation of Coca-Cola CompanyStrengthsThe brand image of coca-cola is very strong around the world and have a strong brand portfolio. Cola-cola brand value was increased by 2% from 2007 to 2008 and it is $66,667 million. Coca-Cola owned top five brands of soft drinks market around the world. Strong brand image allows the company to introduce new flavours in the market like vanilla coke, cherry coke and coke with lemon. The companys strong brand image facilitates customers recall and allows company to penetrate new markets while holding the old ones. Coca-cola Company offers more than 3000 products across the world. Coca-cola Company is running business in more than 200 countries in the world which provide it a stron g global image. Due to the strong business model across the world company is able to generate significant cash flows up to $50 million a day. (Data Monitors, 2009)WeaknessPension assets effect the company liquidity position of the company due to financial market volatility. Coca-cola Company is very mature having significantly more pensioners than active participating members. (Data Monitors, 2009)OpportunityGlobally the non alcoholic ready to drink market is increasing by 6% every year for the next 12 years. (Data monitors, 2009). This project growth is due to the increase in bourgeois consumers and fast growing urban societies expected to form in the future. The company can capture this growth with innovative new products with old products. (Data Monitors, 2009)ThreatsCoca-Cola Company is generally dependent on the bottling partners across the world. Approximately 78% of its worldwide production was produced and distributed by its bolting partners in 2008. Due to independent bot tling partner companies make their own business decision that may not always align with Cola-Cola Company interest. Many of its bottling partners have a right to manufacture or distribute certain products of other beverage companies. In soft drink market there is intense competition and one of the major global competitors of Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCo. Competitive factors impacting companys business include advertising, product innovation, sales promotion programs, brand and trademark development and pricing. Decline in the market share of the home country which means the consumers have started to look for greater variety in their drinks and are becoming health conscious. Other major threat for the soft drink companies is reducing level of water for which the government and WHO is forcing the companies to reduce the level of water used in manufacturing the products. (Data Monitors, 2009)Competitor AnalysisThe one of the major competitor in India and in global market is Pepsi. Peps i entered in the India market in 1980s through joint venture. As early as 1985, Pepsi tried to gain entry into India and finally succeeded with Pepsi foods limited project in 1988 as a joint venture of PepsiCo, Punjab government owned Punjab agro industrial corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India limited (Singh, 1997). Pepsi was marketed and sold to Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed under the new economic policy and Pepsi ultimately bought out its partners becoming a fully owned subsidiary and ending the joint venture relationship in 1994. While the joint venture was only marginally successful in its own right, it allowed Pepsi to gain precious early experience with the Indian market and also served as an groundwork of the Pepsi brand to the Indian market and also served as an introduction of the Pepsi brand to the Indian consumer such that it was well poised to reap the benefits when liberalization came (Kaul, 2004).SWOT analysis of PEPSICOStrengthsThe PepsiCo brand is figured at the 27th position in the top 100 global brand rankings of Business Week. The brand value of PepsiCo is $13,249 million in 2008. PepsiCo owns 18 mega brands which are recognise globally and generate annual sales of $1 billion each. In some countries PepsiCo is allowed to manufacture, sell and distribute soft drink products other than PepsiCo, including Dr Pepper and Squirt. PepsiCo have a strong manufacturing and distribution channel having 591 facilities till the end of 2008 and half of it is in USA and Canada. (Data Monitors, 2008)WeaknessThe company operates 74.4% of its tax revenue from its home country USA and the USA market for soft drinks is decreasing. The net profit margin of the company is reduced by 3.9% as compare for the detain year. The weak operational growth of the company will affect its future growth plan and can affect the investor confidence. (Data Monitors, 2008)OpportunitiesBottled water is one the fastest growing market globally. P epsiCo has the leading manufacturer and distributor in this market and can capture more market by developing new brands and making bust the existing ones. PepsiCo made significant acquisition including two of the other Pepsi bottlers in which one is the eight largest Pepsi bottler in the Pepsi Bottling Group from which they are reducing the partners power slowly. (Data Monitors, 2008)ThreatsPepsiCo is facing problem in the home country from where the company is generating the maximum revenue. The consumers are becoming more health conscious. The company is facing intense competition from its competitors principally the Coca-Cola Company which is one of the major competitors globally. Competitive factors impacting companys business include advertising, product innovation, sales promotion programs, brand and trademark development and pricing. There are new laws from government and World Health Organisation(WHO) to reduce the usage for water in the manufacturing and for labelling, em ployment, and recycling and product safety.ConclusionBy using the IR framework legal document it is evident that Coca-Cola is a global company and doing business in more than 200 countries with a global strategy and a local response. It entered in Indian market due to saturation in the home country market and the growing economies of India. Coca-Cola Company entered the Indian market by acquisition entry method by acquiring Local soft drinks brand like Thumsup, Limca from which gain knowledge about the country soft drink market. The company captured the Indian market majorly through marketing and targeting the rural market which contains the 96% of the population. The company use three A strategy to be to gain more market share. In Indian market Coca-Cola have 46 bottling plants some of them is owned and others are in partnership from which they share the risk, 1.3 million retailers and over 7000 distributors which gives the company a strong base.Business Credit (2006), India tops annual list of most attractive countries for international retail expansion, Business Credit, Vol. 107 No. 7, p. 72.Choi, A. (2006), Eyeing Indias riches as barriers come down, extravagance brands go slow, WWD, March 13.Broken commitments The case of Pepsi in India. Kavaljit Singh, PIRG Update, May 1997.Interview with Nymph Kaul, 9/20/04Halepete, J., Iyer, S., and Park, C., S., 2008. Wal-Mart in India a success or hardship International Journal of Retail and Distribution wariness, 36(9), pp.701-713Zhang, M., 2010, International Business Management, Nottingham, Nottingham Trent UniversityKaul, Nymph. Rai University, Coca-Cola India.Keller, Kevin Lane. Strategic Brand Management. Prentice Hall, 1998Svensson, G., 2001 Glocalization of business activities a glocal strategy management decision 39/1 pp. 6-18.Kaul, Nymph. Interview of Sanjiv Gupta, President and CEO of Coca-Cola India, June 2004.Gupta, A. K., Govindarajan, V., Malhotra, A. (1999). FEEDBACK-SEEKING BEHAVIOR WITHIN MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATIONS. Strategic Management Journal , 205-222.Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S and Hodgetts, R. M. (2006). International Business. Financial Times Management 4th Revised edition editionBartlett, C., S. Ghoshal, and P. Beamish. 2008. Transnational Management. New York McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Literature Review of Approaches to Strategic Change

Literature Review of Approaches to Strategic ChangeOrganizations require change as they live through time. This change which adjusts according to new demands and procedures is known as Strategic Change. This makeup sheds light on the importance and approaches of strategic change as an authorized part of the strategic management. It studies both models of strategic change management and an transcriptional example which requires strategic change.IntroductionPas more than (1994) writes that we live in a high-powered environment where change is happening to everybody and everything. He notes that this change encompasses our organizations as well. Pasmore (1994) further notes that many of us, even the organizations usually do not realize this change and this is where they expect competitive disadvantage, assuming a non-monopolistic society. To deal with such changes, and also with many others, the educators and researchers of this world introduced the notion of strategic change. Str ategic change is a concept involving a reorientation of an organizations resources, both human and physical, crops, go and structure. An organization needs strategic changes to,Maintain, or enhance it competition positionGrowGrowth and stability is an important factor, probably which all organizations strive for. To keep growing then, an organization has to evolve. The market in which an organization exists is lovely much interchangeable our environment that surrounds us. Through the transit of natural selection those fittest to survive the wrath of the natural change, live. The others disappear into history books.The responsibility of manner of speaking more or less a change in an organization rests greatly upon the shoulders of the managers of the organization. Because of the variable and highly diversified nature of organizations, the theories and models of strategic change management are numerous. In fact, the truth remains that each manager of the impregnable wad up w ith a new model to support and direct his organization. Nevertheless, researchers have developed models which basically serve the purpose of enhancing the thinking abilities of to-be or current managers and to very provide them with a direction.Literature ReviewTo define a complex concept like strategy in a line or two would be unjust to the concept itself (Sadler and Craig, 2003). The concept sens however be explained by linking various phrases. According to Saddler and Craig (2003), strategy is thePurpose or missionThe policiesThe purposeImplementation of decisionsAnalyzing and utilizing strengths and opportunitiesGaining competitive advantageBasically, strategy is the course of action used to achieve the major objectives for an entity (Brown and Harvey, 2006).Tichy (1983) defines strategic change as the modification in the structure, resources, products and services of an organization.In light of the discontinuous, large scale changes facing the world, organizations will be re quired to undergo major strategic reorientations.(Tichy, 1983)Because of various antecedents, including the transport in scientific progress and increase in overall market competitiveness, organizations are finding it increasingly indispensible to bring ab reveal strategic change (Brown and Harvey, 2006).When bringing close to a strategic change in an organization, the consideration of the culture of that organization is extremely important because the culture of an organization includes basically the set of priorities and values in the credit line of an organization (Brown and Harvey, 2006).The reason why or so strategic changes fail is the inability of an organization to deal with change itself (Hyde, np).Strategic Change The ModelsThe introduction section of this paper clearly points out that strategic change gougenot be explained and executed through any one standard model. In fact, there can be as many models as the organizations in this world and probably more.Some fam ous models however do exist. This section therefore is going to talk about third of the models.CBA Model of Strategic ChangeCBA is an acronym for Conceive, Believe and Achieve (Black and Gregersen, 2002). These three are in general the three dimensions of the model. Talking in terms of the model specifically, Conception, imprint and Achievement have been defined as the brain re rigidions hindering the implementation and the execution of the change (Black and Gregersen, 2002).Conceiving the idea is actually making the employees see its worth. This includes making the employees recollect that the current practices, that were right yesterday are not right anymore and therefore must be changed with new ones. This is probably the biggest obstacle that the executives face season trying to bring about a strategic change in the organization.Next comes, Believing Black and Gregersen (2002) define this as the second brain barrier to bring about a winning strategic change. Under this poi nt, the employees have to believe in the fact that the path they are taking to bring about the change is correct. That is, they should believe that they are doing that new thing rightly.Last is Achieving. The employees should have the sense of achievement regarding the successful strategic change. This factor is important for two reasons. first of all because, you stop trying when you know you have achieved any(prenominal)thing. The knowing of the end point thus, marks the successful shift of strategy. Secondly, the sense of achievement is important to encourage shorten further ventures.These might sound like three, unconnected pieces. The binding force for these pieces then is the idea and need of Leadership. CBA model believes that without proper education, training and support of the employees, bringing about a significant strategic change in an organization is not possible (Black and Gregersen, 2002). Furthermore, this model holds that the executives should always be champion s of the change. The reason is that the employees would always be as serious about the venture as the executives.Another model for strategic change considers teamwork more important than leadership (Fogg, 1994). This model deems the following factors as important when considering and implementing strategic change.Security of futureProvision of roadmapSetup of prioritiesOptimized resource allocationGet inputs and ideasGain commitmentCoordinate the executionThe factors are pretty self ex intendatory in their own self. The point or the binding force of these factors, according to the team based model is Team Work. According to this, functional together and understanding each others needs helps bringing about the change in the true sense.Strategic Change The CruxIt is useful to be strengthened here that the last section, Strategic Change The Models can go on infinitely. Starting from the day the term, strategic management was coined till now thousand of models for a successful Strate gic Change have been made. Thus, it is impossible to fit in all the models in this paper. The crux however of successful strategic change can be defined.Understanding the Culture of an OrganizationBrown and Harvey (2006) state that the culture of an organization is in effect the values held and shared by the members, which differentiates one organization from another. Further Brown and Harvey (2006) state that the culture of an organization has the following characteristicsIndividual autonomySensitivity to the needs of the customersSupportInterest in developing and carrying out new ideasOpenness of communicationRisk managementUnderstanding the culture thus, is extremely important because it is the employees of the firm that make up its culture and then again, it is the employees of the function that have to execute the change. Unless all the employees believe and change their working modes, significant strategic change cannot be brought by and any investment that is then do will b e in vain. Balogun (2010) points out that the culture of an organization is the interlinked set of organizational subsystems in which the paradigm drives the ocular manifestations of culture, such as the organizational symbols, routines and rituals, stories, discover systems and structures. These assumptions and rituals then define the type of change that is being brought into the organization. This is to say that a change in these basics of the organization will bring about a transformational change. A change, holding the culture more or less constant is a realignment change (Balogun, 2010).Planning the ChangeSince the strategic change that is being brought to the firm will affect the future stability and growth of the firm, it is extremely important to take as much time as required to properly plan each and every detail of the change, smoothing out the rough edges by either skillful implementation or incorporation of policies. Fogg (1994) suggests that it is extremely essential for a successful Strategic change to be carefully and consciously tailor the planning course in accordance to the size, complexity, culture and strategic situation of the organization. This planning would be different for a firm in financial and competitive crisis and different for a firm that is seeking expansion. The extremity of planning according to Fogg (1994) involves three stagesPre-work departmental evaluation of the status quo including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the individual members and also the organization as a whole.Priority setting Discussion on various proposals with respect to finances, environment, market, customers and the overall reputation of the firm and thus setting the priorities according to which the change will be processed.Strategic planning Discussion of strategies, plan of actions, resources and communications to strategize the change.Post-work evaluation of the effected plans.Working as a TeamHitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2009) point out that according to research evidence, the executives who boost about their no mistake making capabilities are more likely to make strategic errors. Thus, when important structural changes are being brought to the organizations, the managers and the executives should work as a team and develop an open communication with the employees. The reason is that it is the employees who really know the work that is going on in the organization. Incorporating them as a team of the bigger picture can help bring about a successful strategic change in the organization. The teams can also be divided into various divisions. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2009) also mention that the organizations that have a varied top management i.e. executives with different educational and experiential background, can operate under the benefitting shadow of different perspectives.The idea of working as a team also focuses on the need of a leader for this processing. The leader acts as the central, i ntegrating personality to whom people can deliver their plans and problems. Moreover, the presence of a leader is indispensible lest the entire organization wricks a cookery show where everybody is doing their own cooking and the result is a spoiled main dish. Somebody needs to host the show.EvaluatingFinally, as the strategy for change has been implemented, it has to be evaluated. Hyde (np) notes that a change in the behavior of the employees or the general change in the culture of an organization is only visible after the change has been implemented. Thus, once the execution has been completed, the top management should require a proper evaluation of the changed organization. This is important for a lot of reason. The first and the most significant reason is to check whether the results are in accordance to the proposal or not.Punjab UniversityEstablished by the British in 1882 in Lahore, Punjab University (PU) is the first university to be established in the Asian Sub-continent. It has given to the world gems like Dr. Abdus Salam and Har Gobind Korana. Today, it is a part of Pakistan, still headquartered in the lively, historical city of Lahore. Punjab University has over 500 affiliate colleges and hosts almost 350 examinations for over 450,000 students in Pakistan. Today, even though new universities have come about in Pakistan and Punjab Universitys position has shifted to a competitor rather than a monopolist, it is still a well reputed and looked up to institution in the field of education (Punjab University, 2010).The other side of the coin however is that Islamic Jamiat-e-tulaba, a student union, promoting (rather enforcing) the twisted, orthodox and chauvinist Islamic views in the University. This student body has a hold, stronger beyond imagination. close to of the members of this union are graduates who keep taking up degrees to pinch in the campus hostels and thus maintain the hold. This union is funded by the members mostly. They also manage to pull out money from the Vice Chancellors of the University. Moreover, the overall environment of the University is now contract conservative. Earlier where the cream of the student body went to PU, it has now become the third or fourth option for students residing in Lahore. Those out of Lahore, place it even down. Most of the professors who are currently educating the youth o Pakistan in universities like Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore School of Economics (LSE), Institute of Business and Administration (IBA) and other started their carrier at Punjab University. The loyalties however have changed due to the difference in the salary structure and the general atmosphere of the university.As good professors and promising students choose other universities, the figure of the University for spending on infrastructure and technology has gone down, causing further problems for the status and educational ability of the University.Even though in terms of arena and campus, Punjab University still beats all other Universities in Pakistan. It has campuses all over the country. However, in terms of organization, management, educational capability and investment PUs reality has been taken over by other new and well managed Universities in the country.What Punjab University now needs is a well managed Strategic Change.The Strategic Change ProposalIt is unmingled enough that the goal of the change that would be brought about in the university would be to steer it to the same fame and respect it had throughout the 20th century.Following are some proposal for the change.Increase the Budget for any strategic change that is to be brought in an organization, investment in a must. And what PU requires is a transformational change. This extra tot of fund is proposed to be used on renovating the classrooms, laboratories, libraries and on hiring new Professors. This budget, if utilized optimally can also be used to renovate the hostels for the studen ts who come from alfresco Lahore.Reduce the hold of Islamic Jamiat With all the terrorism been listed in the CVs of Muslims, this Islamic student body, watching any un-Islamic acts in the university, fighting and punishing people for mistakes looks like a terrorist group to many people. Parents think twice before sending their child into this kind of atmosphere. Thus, the reduction in the number of excellent students coming in. in particular students, who did their O and A levels instead of the government matriculation program, hardly ever choose to come to PU. One of the contributing reasons to this is the strong hold of a strict Islamic body. Management should strategically remove the hold of this union.Marketing no matter how good an organization is, people come to know of it mostly when the product is being marketed. The product PU is selling is education and a memorable university life and thus, it should strongly focus on marketing the product. It may require sign investmen t but the results would be awesome. It can also help in changing the perspective of people regarding the conservative and strict environment of the University. Moreover, students would see PU as a good option in terms of their future.This change can be strategically planned by the board of directors. To purify the process further, one student representative from each department can be chosen to present ideas, demands and existing problems. Through this, the stakeholders i.e. the students wishes and problems will be answered and they will become a part of the Strategic Change process. Moreover to reinforce this idea to inclusion of stakeholders in the process of change, from each campus a faculty member can be selected to represent/department the problems that campus/department.ConclusionOrganizations have to grow with time. The last two decade especially saw a remarkable social shift in Pakistan. Media grew and so grew awareness. This it became extremely important from the organiza tions in Pakistan to grow and change socially but also in terms of the product they offered.One the noted organization in Pakistan is Punjab University. However it so seems that it has not grown dynamically in the social context especially. Educationally, obviously there have been forms for example the building of the computer Labs. However, this is not enough. Students come to university, not only for education but also to live a life before they enter into the practical world. For the defenseless age that the University entering students are in, it is very important to give them a memorable life with sports, social events seminars so that they do not think that they are missing out on the life that other university going students are having.Thus, PU should change strategically to reduce i) the hold to the Islamic union, ii) invest to improve infrastructure iii) focus on marketing.

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif Arts Essay

Interpretation And Appreciation Of The Floral Motif humanities EssaySince this is a historical based topic foc utilise on the way in which w exclusively(prenominal)paper be afterers communicate through the use of visual language, variant interpretations of the subject of botanical forms, historical basis cultivation must be provided to make a fuller understanding possible. This chapter is vital to the study of 2 dimensional surface architectural plan as it entrust research the history of cover and the reason one desires to decorate ones surround.2.2. Literature reviewAs well as the research carried out exploring the innovations of 20th nose smokedy cover origination and the exploration of different interpretations of the patterned motif, round considerable judgment of conviction was as well as dedicated to investigate the earlyish history of wallpaper. The basic intention of pioneer this research was to examine the way in which wallpaper appeals to society and to provide a more than than than in depth understanding of the sophistication of wallpaper design, which is a vital element of this study. Questions that atomic number 18 deriving the construction of the historical chapter includeWhere did the concept of wallpaper originate from?What was the function of wallpaper?When were florescences and botanical forms first utilise as a form of decoration?The above objectives were explored by the study of literature surrounding the topic of the history of wallpaper, combing knowledge from books, journals, interior design magazines, and the information from internet etymons. The final dissertation will answer these questions and draw relevant conclusions concerning the innovations of two dimensional surface design.The literature review in this branch is intended to name the sources used and does not attempt to evaluate the categorised research which underlies them.For this historical chapter a number of sources need been thoroughly res earched however some of the sources were more informative than others. Wall Papers of France 1800-1850 by Odile Nouvel (1981) betters a comprehensive narration of the history of wallpaper dating back to wallpapers before the nineteenth blow and besides refers to British wallpaper design. A similar book in terms historical background information which was too studied, Wallpaper in the States From The Seventeenth Century to World War 1 by Catherine Lynn(1980) concentrates more on the demeanors of wallpaper and refers to British and French influences on American Wallpaper design. Chapter triple Eighteenth-Century English wallpaper styles devotes 36 pages of typical wallpaper styles, motifs and patterns from this blow including an in depth section on floral patterns. Whether printed in distemper or coat colours, or whether flocked, floral motifs derived from cloth prototypes form the largest category of repeating patterns in this relatively large group of wallpapers known to h ave been used. (Catherine Lynn 1980 p52) this chapter will be more relevant to later sections of this paper due to the specific information on the interpretation of the floral motif and also the fine annotations of the provided images which clearly demonstrate the style as well as the predominant characteristics of wallpaper from the 18th century. The Floral home Introduction by Leslie Geddes-Brown (1992) is a very good informative source referring to the history of the floral motif which was a more difficult subject to track down using internet sources.More up to date sources which were looked at closely include Lesley Jacksons Twentieth Century Pattern Design and Off The Wall by Lena Lencek and Gideon Bosker which two examine pattern as a quintessential part of the 20th Century design history. Both authors provide a brief, informative history of wall coverings since the 15th century and suggest that wallpaper very more than reflects the cultural climate of the era of which it was produced. Timothy Brittain-Catlins A Papered History states that wallpaper was for, who chooses it, who pays for it, who it applies to and who appreciates it are all questions that have had different answers at different times. (A Papered History p7) The tercet books mentioned above will be very useful in terms of putting into context how wallpaper designers, historic and contemporary, are influenced by their social surroundings which in result affect the aesthetic qualities of their designs.The most valuable source however has been the wallpaper history website which lists and allows access to online articles which provide a very detailed insight to the history of wallpaper. The most relevant articles relating to this chapter have been by Alan gum benzoin (2009) and Babara Krasner Khait (2001) where both texts are designed as an aid in comprehending the m whatever facets of todays products. Benjamin in particular refers to evidence of wall coverings which dates back to supe r acids of years B.C, with the use of cave musters and although this does not resemble wallpaper as we know it today it does typify mans earliest desire to decorate ones surroundings. The history of wallpaper chapter in his article provides a very specific and technical overview referring to the development of wallpaper and how it was used functionally as well as aesthetic purposes in the 16th century to persist out the cold and damp. Both articles are very well written, creation short yet adequate and objective historical accounts which are essential for this paper.Where did the concept of wall coverings originate from?According to archaeologists, the tradition of decorating walls dates back to several thousand years B.C in the form of cave drawings and still to this day it is uncertain as why antediluvian patriarch ancestors chose to decorate their surroundings. The two major theories concerning the reasons behind these prowess are explained as wish fulfilment and aesthetics of art. Although this does not resemble wallpaper as known today, it does signify mans earliest desire to decorate his surroundings. (Benjamin 2009) The ancient Egyptian and papist civilization are also noted in history to have painted their living environment in a exceedingly individual manner expressing two dimensional portrayals of visible and invisible worlds Earth and the domain of the Gods. (Benjamin 2009)Wallpaper actually begun in ancient China, first because the Chinese invented paper, and secondly because they glued rice paper onto their walls as early as 200 B.CWhat is the function of wallpaper?The use of wallpaper initially began as a dirt cheap substitute for tapestry and panelling. Some historians believe that the use of wallpaper dates back to the 1400s. (Krasner-Khait 2001) The first wallpapers in England were individual sheets, decorated with geometrical woodcut patterns and printed in mordant ink on pale paper by a hand operated press. These papers could hav e been used for anything from covering up an unfortunate space, concealing nettlesome plasterwork or as an innovative alternative to hanging pictures on the wall. (Brittain-Catlin p7) Homes were built of stone during this period so the main function and practicality of these hangings was used to keep out the cold and damp. Wallpaper was soon to become the poor mans tapestry, an imitation of the expensive textiles used in royal households.Elizabethan England saw a higher(prenominal) demand for wallpaper as its popularity increased. The elite of society were accustomed to hanging large tapestries on the walls of their homes, a tradition from the middle ages. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia) These tapestries added colour as well as providing an insulating layer between the stone walls and the room, thus retaining heat in the room. However, tapestries were very expensive and therefore but the very rich could succumb them. For the not so rich members of the elite, they turned to wa llpaper to brighten up their rooms as they were unable to but tapestries due to price or wars preventing supranational trade.Throughout Europe, a fascination began with these papers that offered protection against dampness and improved ability to handle fireplace smoke.In the 20th century, when mass production, innovated materials, and printing techniques pass over pollinated with an unprecedented eloquentity of traditions and designs, wallpaper leapt from its privileged position as a covering for the elite to become the truly democratized and democratizing purveyor of domestic elegance refinement and in some cases, downright kitsch. (Lencek and Bosker, 2004, p9)When were kicks first used as a form of decoration?It is extraordinary how floral art crops up in every century and civilization. There is evidence of a detailed wall painting from ancient Egypt that depicts geese grazing from grasses and tiny red blushs which dates back from 2550B.C. Indeed if a tribe or nation does n ot respect and recreate the beauties of nature, it has weensy claim to be called civilized. (Geddes-Brown 1992 p8) The flower was used as a symbol and sometimes reflected religious beliefs. The masthead and Lily were both symbols of royalty and the Virgin Mary and were popular subjects of renaissance painters. It is a mistake to identify floral art and decoration only with the chintzy, the countrified and the cozy though all these styles have tremendous charm. Flowers can be architectural (the Greeks used palm and acanthus leaves for their capital), political (roses and thistles were secret Jacobite signs) and perhaps even sinister (the crinkle thirsty cultivated dahlias and zinnias). (Geddes-Brown 1991 p8)SUMMARY3Victorian wallpapersIntroductionBeing noted as all important(predicate) era in the history of wallpaper design, a considerable measuring of time was dedicated thoroughly researching Victorian wallpaper. This is an important chapter in the study of the floral motif a s this period not only put British design on the map but also redesigned wallpaper all over the world and is still, to this day, popular within the interior market.As well as the typical characteristics of Victorian wallpaper, much attention will be given to the research of British designer William Morris, who not only was a one- man pattern-making phenomenon, but was also the founding father of the arts and crafts movement.The overall aims and objectives of this chapter will draw conclusions as to why this period of design was so subverter and why Morriss designs are still used to influence todays designers. It will put into perspective how wallpaper has developed with the ever changing society and how the subject of the floral motif has morphed from a realistic representation to a more abstract and simplistic form throughout the centuries.Literature reviewThe Victorian era, was a disdainful time for wallpaper featuring over embellished designs. Floral Prints were very popular in Victorian England. Print upon print lined the interior walls of rooms, mostly in a rich and heavy colour palette. Dark red, bottle green, chocolate brown, maroon and deep glowing blue were predominant in a great rankness of pattern and ornament. The advent of mass production of wallpaper put the cabbage rose and arabesque patterns within the budget range of practicality of every home.Designers such as William Morris and his melodic interpretations of nature, hand-printed by the wood block method, came to symbolize Art Nouveau.William Morriss first wallpaper designs started to appear in the 1860s. They came as a slightly later edition to the textile designs. Morris himself was not a big fan of wallpaper for interiors. He much preferred the idea of using hung textile work, such as tapestry or heavy fabrics framed as panels, which he saw as more handed-down for interiors than the fairly recent wallpaper industry. another(prenominal) reason was the difficulty in achieving a good and faithful reproduction of initial design work. Morris was a definite perfectionist and was not prepared to take on a medium if the results were to be less than perfect.William Morris maintained that beautiful surroundings improve the lineament of life, and that all of the elements which play a part in the overall style of an interior, textiles and wall coverings are among the most important.Whatever you have in your room, think first of your walls, for they are that which makes your house a home William Morris (1834-1896).William Morris Floral wallpaper designs.Naturalistic flowers and fruit were characteristics of early Victorian wallpapers initially, they were superimposed on classical architectural backgrounds but in the 1840s they were intertwined with elaborate scrolls and cartouches.By the 1850s, however, design innovators such as Owen Jones and AWN Pugin had rejected this inbredism in favour of flat, formalised patterns. John Ruskin whose theories on design had a big effect during the second half of the nineteenth century, rejected the whole repertory of Renaissance-Classical cosmetic motifs as prefabricated.William Morris, the guiding light of the arts and crafts movement of the 1870s and 1880s generally shared the views of Pugin, Jones and Ruskin. He believed however that flowers used in textiles and wallpaper designs should be seen to be growing naturally. Motifs from nature, though flattened and stylised, were clearly outlined and recognisable in is patterns. They retained their fundamental characteristics, yet their style was so emphasised. Morris and other Arts and Crafts artists were draw to the natural world for their imagery. Morris himself dismissed the exotic hothouse plants so popular with the Victorians and instead drew his floral motifs from his garden and the English countryside. Marigolds, honeysuckle, jasmine and lilies were among the flowers depicted in his wallpaper designs.Morris believed that the structure of patterns was of cruc ial importance, as he explained if the lines of them grow strongly and grow gracefully, I think they are decidedly helped by the structure not universe elaborately concealed. His designs were rigorously constructed, on either a symmetrical diamond design framework or a branch framework that created a enclose effect. Willow boughs or scrolling acanthus leaves were used as a structural background in a number of Morris designs. Many of his designs also included complex, subsidiary patterns of pocket-size flower growing from meandering stems. His insistence on the highest standards of design is apparent in this quotations no amount of delicacy is too great in the drawing of the curves of a pattern, no amount of care in getting the leading lines right from the first. Remember that a pattern is either right or wrong. It cannot be forgiven for blundering. A failure forever recurring torments the eye. William Morris (1834-1896).(images)Wallpaper analysisMorriss first commercial wallpaper designs, as can be seen in the first two images here, Daisy and Pomegranate, were very much a case of stamped motifs on a fairly simple and plain background. Some of the motifs were actually reproduced from Morriss medieval style tapestry work, usually from incidental backgrounds or lower foregrounds where they were used to fill in spaces around the more important human figures.Both Daisy and Pomegranate were produced in the mid-1860s and reflect very much the simplicity of much of Morriss early textile work. In fact, more of the designs initially produced for textiles did end up as wallpaper patterns, with very few changes in the design, if any.By the 1870s Morris wallpaper design work had become much more accomplished, and therefore much more complex. There is very little, if any plain background to be seen, and whereas the earlier examples were largely independently stamped on to a surface, the later examples are clearly intertwined with each other, making it difficult to see any transparent motifs.The three designs shown, Larkspar, Pimpernel and Chrysanthemum were all produced in the 1870s. They clearly show the confidence in the design work and the medium, and are therefore much more fluid and free form than the earlier, more tentative work of the 1860s.It would be tempting to see some of the fluid and meandering flower stems, rich, full flowers and languid leaves, as an indication of the roots of Art Nouveau, and enchantment there is a certain similarity in some of Morris work, it is also firmly rooted within both the British Arts Craft movement and the styles and fashions of the mid-Victorian design world.What makes Morris wallpaper design work stand out from others of the selfsame(prenominal) era is the intensity of the compositions. There is a real observational passion for the natural world that is missing from so much of Victorian floral derived work. To Morris, these designs could not just be construe as pretty, or attractive, they were muc h more. They were indeed part of his lifes work and passion. They were a record of the British traditional rural landscape, one of nature and human in a harmonic symbiosis. The intertwining of much of his floral work could be interpreted as a framework in which we are all a part, which is one of the reasons that Morris disliked geometry as a design tool, as he interpreted it as a man-made system for trying to quantify the natural world, rather than allowing the natural world to quantify itself.The Acanthus wallpaperThe Acanthus has been widely used since early times. A plant with plain-spokenly indented and scrolled leaves it was a common element in Greek and Roman architectural ornament as noted in chapter 1 and a widely used Renaissance Motif. It has appeared in textiles over and over again, from Italian velvets to Arts and Crafts prints. William Morris said of it, No form of ornament has gone so far or lasted so long as this it has been infinitely varied, used by or so all fol lowing styles in one shape or another, and performed many other office besides its original one. Large lead verdure tapestries, employing leaf in soft greens, tans and browns on a dark blue background were manufactures in France and Flanders in the Sixteenth century and greatly influenced William Morris designs for wallpaper. Many designs of the 1890s including a number of William Morris prints incorporated the large swirling patterns of Acanthus scrolls or other classical floral motifs from the sixteenth and seventeenth century.(type up literature review)British Wallpaper in the seventiesThe Revival of Art Nouveau in the 1970sOver half a century after the initial movement of Art Nouveau, it re-emerged for a second time in the 1970s. This however was not the only art movement that was rediscovered and re-energised in 1970s wallpaper design. The Art Deco movement was of particular interest which influenced two dimensional surface design, but also aesthetic qualities from a number of Victorian art styles were reincorporated including the works of William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement.What where the reasons for the re-emergence of the Art Nouveau movement?However, the generation that came after the Modernist brain the 1950s and 1960s, started to trawl through the ephemera that had been left field behind by nearly a century of Victorianism. A innovative generation of textile and wallpaper designer, who had little if any of the prejudice against nineteenth century design that was shown by previous generations, were keen to examine the design work and if possible produce work that was inspired by the original, but with a contemporary twist.There was a wide range of work produced in this neo-Art Nouveau style. Some was close to the original idea of using florals and incorporating the sinuous line that was present in the original style. Interestingly however, although this seemed like a kick against the ideas of modernist design, many of the ideas and phi losophies of twentieth century design were incorporated into these natural Art Nouveau inspired patterns. Many of the colour schemes for example, were heightened and changed altogether to fit in with interior schemes that were based on an entirely different crash of parameters than the turn of the century originals. There was also less of an emphasis on the portrayal of floral design and much more on a vaguer, even abstract quality to the design work, which placed the emphasis firmly on pattern and shape, rather than any form of representational design.Much of the design work reproduced here (refer to images) is enkindle as, although it does represent a re-emergence of interest in past styles, it does not descend into pastiche or plagiarism of the original decorative style. This is not the Laura Ashley style of design, which was more or less a slavishly faithful copy of the period it is more an interpretation of a design style as seen over the disjuncture of the twentieth centur y. Designers saw no point in reproducing faithful copies of the Art Nouveau style, as reproductions were already available. However, they also saw no point in producing new work that copied the style exactly as no one could pretend, as Laura Ashley did, that seventy years of the twentieth century had not happened.These Art Nouveau revival wallpapers give a fascinating opportunity to picture two points in the history of design, the gap between them and how that gap affected the process of design and interpretation.Wallpaper design was still popular in the 1970s, though beginning to lose out to painted walls. However, it was still a mainstay in many homes and would continue to be so for the rest of the decade. This popularity meant that the choice and range of design work available was fairly large compared to todays choices. Geometrically derived patterns, as the ones shown here, were still popular throughout the decade, as were all forms of floral, from the traditional realistically flavor flower patterns, to popular graphic interpretations.All of the patterns shown here are of wallpaper designs from around the 1970s. They all take the flower as their source of inspiration and its subsequent decorative effect. All are basically flat pattern designs, some more abstract than others, but all still using the flower as a standard motif.Wallpaper AnalysisTaking a flower down to its basic components, you are left with four petals and a circular centre. There are of course endless variations on this theme, with the petals multiplying or decreasing, though four tends to be the lower limit. The centres can also range from a fairly complex pattern with a number of different centres, to a very simple but impressive circle. Some of the flower motifs in these examples have become little more than geometric shapes with the flower becoming so abstract that it is barely recognisable as such. However, that does mean that the design is not a floral, no matter how far removed i t has become from the original inspiration, it could still justifiably be classed as a floral decoration pattern.Often, by including more than one type of flower motif, the pattern can take on a more complex appearance. In this way patterns can then sit within patterns, so while the petals and centre of the flower can produce a decorative effect within its own right, a self contained pattern, these can then be used as multiples, creating another pattern. If a different flower motif is then introduced, that flower has a decorative effect of its own and if juxtaposed with the original flower motif, they contrast with each other, thus creating yet another pattern effect. This can go on so that a number of more complex layers are added, though care should be taken not to overload the design, which can become confusing the more elements that are added. This can be a particular problem with wallpaper design whereby a pattern effect has to be able to be interpreted easily from a distance, but must also be effective when seen close up.Another interesting effect that can be used is when flower motifs overlap each other, creating an opportunity to produce yet another flower motif, and by changing the colour tone slightly, this new flower design will appear as if still connected to the overlapping decorative flower motifs, while retaining some independence from them at the same time.Colour and tone is an important element, particularly within flat pattern where it is sometimes difficult to give the design elements that make up the pattern enough differentiation for it to have any effect, particularly from a distance. By using similar colours or one colour with different tones, it becomes much easier to see separate elements of the pattern while still maintaining a balanced piece that appears to be both harmonious and effective.The art world has introduced countless ideas and methods that have been reinterpreted by both textile and wallpaper designers. Abstraction and col our and paint techniques in all their modernist facets, have been used repeatedly and constantly by designers who were keen to add to the repertoire of the industry. Large bold patterns, still with the flower as its centre of inspiration, have been part of the wallpaper industry for a long time. By interpreting and ofttimes reinterpreting for the medium concerned, effective large repeat patterns have been produced that seem to have little to do with a mass production industry, but are still mass produced nonetheless. These patterns often appear to be less constructed and less precise, often giving the illusion of spontaneity and creativity, the hallmarks or at least the common interpretation of much of the twentieth centurys fine art output.This is by no means a comprehensive interpretation of flat design. It only gives a few ideas as to the complex nature of this style of design and the number of variations that are easily achievable. In Conclusion flat design appears to be much mo re creative and inspiring than traditional floral realism for example, with endless opportunities to both simplify and complicate the same pattern motif.(Images of 1970s wallpaper)MethodologyIntroductionWhen embarking on a topic of research, all of the possible methodological factors must be taken into account as sources of information are of great importance. Decisions ave o be made into which method of selective information collection to use to achieve the greatest information specific to the question at hand. In gild to try and find out as much information about the topic and area being disgussed, a variety of acedemic sources were needed, such as books, journals and the internet. These academic sources wer all accesed in a selection of different places. Despite a wide variety of ways to find all of this information, the information did not come without its problems.Finding the informationThere are many ways of findng the information that is needed. Most of the information in re lation to this study was found in the university library in the textiles department. This was done by searching for and looking through relevant literature in the books that were available in the library. Finding books for relevant information was one of the first things that had to be done in order in order to find background inforation on the topic, such as what work had already been done in the area. Books were also then found in order to find informaton in relation to the question being asked through the use of search engines, which produces a list of books/journals with relevance to keys words, authors etc.The internet was also used as a method of secondary resourcing. This was used to find websites such as the Wallpaper History website which provides links of online aricles referring to the history of wallpaper and the innovations of wallpaper design. The internet also allowed journals to be found online, this allowed access to more up to date literature which was not provided by the available books in the library. Journals are also quick and easy to find, simply using the search engine tool online, a large number of journals become available to read. These journals were used in the same way as books, to find background knowledge and to help find information towards the question.The books and journals especially, helped to find vital information on the topics of the innovations of wallpaper design and how designers have put their own stamp on the very popular floral motif which has developed with te ever changing society. This is all acedemic wock which was needed in order to answer the question as thoroughly as possible.InterviewsInterviews give a ricj insight to peoples biographies, experience, opinions, values, aspirations, attitudes and feelings. Interviews were taken place in The Temple Newsome Museum which is celebrated for its marvellous collections of fine and decorative arts, especially paintings, furniture, silver, ceramics, textiles and most importantly wallpapers. James Lomax the exhibition curator who specialises in the 17th 18th and 9th century was interviewd. This was to obtain an insight of a professionals view on the matter.Using interviews as methods of colecting data proved to be a reliable source of researc. This is because of the specific questions are asked with a reliable response relating to the subject matter. Data can be obtained easily and resourcefully using certain questions.Interviews can be delivered in a structured or unstructures form. regard was given to the type of interview that was carried out to gain the best results. There are both advantages to consider when chossing the most appropirate one. Structured interviews are seen as having set questions. These questions are asked and recorded on a standardised schedule. The question cannot be modified during or after the interview. In contrast an unstrctured interview is less formal, where the interviewer has a greater flexibility and freedom. It was thougt that an interview towards the less structured theory would be more effective as the researcher did not want to domain the interview. supply was essential for the process.LimitationsLimitations include trying to find books that were relevant and that were also up to date. As a way of traking this because the university library only had a limited amount of books available on the floral motif, inter library loans were used, this is when books can be loaned form other university libraries. This however can be very time overpowering because people may already have the books out and even if they havent it can take a few days before the ooks arrive to be collected. Another disadvantage of using the library which proved to be a problem in the stages of research was the opportunity for others to put a reserve on books which were already loaned out. This not only adds pressure to the researcher but limts the time available to read through the books and to thoroughly digest and u nderstand the information provided.

Starbucks International - Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay -- GCSE

Starbucks International - Foreign Market Entry StrategyStarbucks International has gone beyond the normal philosophy of Starbucks, to occasion a re-birth of their product line in foreign countries. Typically in the United States, Starbucks owns its entire line of coffee-bar stores outright with no franchise investments or partnerships. However, their worldwide operations are quite the opposite. Starbucks International has adopted a strategy of partnerships to create its line of international coffee-bar stores. These joint ventures create an increased ease of first appearance into the foreign market. Starbucks International aim to be involved with partnerships for the benefits these relationships offered over their typical wholly owned subsidiary philosophy. However, choosing the right partner, poses a potential problem for the company. Although Starbucks uses sixfold lines of distribution to saturate to US coffee market, its international operations consist only of coffee- bar restaurants. Therefore, they only have one channel of distribution internationally. Through this, Starbucks had to choose a partner that would facilitate their creation and expansion of coffee bars in the international arena, specifically Asia and Japan their primary target. Starbucks developed a series of criteria to which they evaluated different potential partnerships in Japan and other foreign countries. First, they sought to implement the idea of ?partnership first, county second,? as a means of developing partnerships that focuses on the companies goals, and not the countries goals. Second Starbucks noted six additional criteria they used to narrow and conclude their partnership search. (1) They looked for companies with similar ideas a... ...common ground. With a more casual atmosphere, Starbucks offer patrons good seating areas and dine in or carry out services. However, there was originally some worry about the profitability and future growth of the Italian-s tyle coffees in Japan. Japanese had never been exposed to this type of coffee before, so the taste of espresso drinks was as foreign to them as the name Starbucks. However, Starbucks? managers were confident that Japan was ready to bollix up in the fine taste of Italian espresso. All in all, the partnership between Sazaby and Starbucks provided a moderately high benefit for local adaptation.Starbucks plan of a partnership is the best choice for an entry strategy into the international market. Their increased insight into the market, and the other benefits provided by this relationship, will propel Starbucks International into the future.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

Ibsens A Dolls HouseIn Ibsens A Dolls House, in Act Two sentiment 6, Noras deceptive behaviour and desperation reaches its climax due to the arrival of the letter. This is because the letter contains the misbegottens she used to get hold of the money. During the time when the play took place, high society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play the role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children and made sure that everything around the house was perfect. Work, politics and decisions were left to the males. Nora broke the legal philosophy and decided to borrow money to pay for her husbands treatment. She did not borrow the money in the right way instead she forged her pay backs signature. By doing this, she not only broke the law but also stepped away from the role society had placed on her, being altogether dependent on her husband. In this scene, she faces the truth in the letter. The person from whom she borrowed the money , Krogstad, wants payment on the loan. He also blackmails her about influencing Helmer to give him a better line of products at the bank and hence increase his position in society.This causes Nora to try to keep the letter away from her husband but what is the significance of the letter and what does it mean to Nora? Possibly, this letter catalyses how Nora acts and how she thinks and she has been deceiving Helmer for the whole of their marriage. This included all sorts of deceptions. One thing that a good audience can recogn...