Odysseus: Selfish Hero.

Morgan Kraft Period 2 October 11, 2011 1st Quarter Essay squat Sparrow is a selfish maven. He thinks of himself most, plainly he truely bangs for his men. He relates to Odysseus in that whilener. Odysseus is also a selfish hero, but a hero all the same. This is turn up by his courage, his pertinentness, and his caring nature. Odysseus is a hero because of his courage. This is shown on around occasions including in the occurrence headh the Cyclops. Homer, in his epic poesy The Odyssey describes how Odysseus rammed it the spike deep in his crater midsection (Homer 692).This is courageous because the Cyclops could commit killed him evenhandedly easily and there ar realityy ways it could stick out gone wrong, moreover he did it anyway. A nonher modelling is when he enters the Land of the Dead. His courage is expresses through the adjacent and I grew sick with fear. But curtly I gave command to my officers to flay those sheep the bronzy cut eat, and make burnt offe rings of signifier to the gods below (Homer 701). Odysseus had no clue what could have happened to him there, but he knew to make it sept he had to, even though he was scared.Listening to the Sirens song was a noble guess as well, for the reason that he could have found a way to loose himself, but he knew he had to mind because of Circes warning of the dangers he pull up stakes face the Sirens, who lure sailors to their destruction (Homer 705). In the cases of the Cyclops, underworld, and Sirens Odysseus showed great bravery therefore he is a hero. Another of Odysseuss idealistic traits is his cleverness. deduction of his wit is seen when he tells the Polythemus My key out is Nohbdy mother, father, and friends, everyone calls me Nohbdy. (Homer 692). This shows that he has the ability to think forrard in difficult situations and not allow his head get clouded. Yet some other example is when he slung a man under the middle one sheep to jaw there safely (Homer 694). This d emonstrates his knowledge of whom he is around. Odysseus knew that the Cyclops was a shepherd and he had to let his sheep out everyday. single lowest example of Odysseuss cleverness is shown when he laid it beeswax thick on their shipmates ears (Homer 706).This is clever because his men cant hear the melodious voices of the Sirens. This indicates that his wit makes him a hero. A final, but not only other, heroic trait Odysseus wields is his care. Proof of this is shown while on the island of the Lotus-Eaters when he fought to toy his men back to the ship. In this episode Homer writes as Odysseus, I set them, all three wailing, to the ships, haulaged them down under their rowing benches (Homer 685).This is caring because some captains would just say, forget it, and leave them. more(prenominal) proof is shown when he has his men tie him to the mast of the ship and listen to the sirens. yet she urged that I alone should listen to their the Sirens song (Homer 705). The care in thi s is the fact that he sacrificed disunite of his sanity so that his men would be able to get past the Sirens. One more act of his care is shown when he grieves for the loss of his men, time and time again.An example of this is when he sees Elpenor in the Hades realm, nowadays when I saw him there I wept for pity (Homer 701). This shows he is not exclusively selfish and that he actually feels tough every time a man dies on his watch. Henceforth, Odysseuss care proves he is a hero. To end, the heroic traits Odysseus has are courage, wit, and care. And these traits prove what a true hero Odysseus truely is. Yes, he may be selfish like tar Sparrow, but he is still a hero. So, with this how many of todays so called heros actually are?

Lars Von Trier Essay

Lars essayer was born in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen, the tidings of Inger essayer (ne Hst, 19151989). He had believed that his biologic father was Ulf essayer (19071978), until his fix revealed to him on her finisbed that he had been conceived as a result of an affair she had with her employer, Fritz Michael Hart human graden. His mformer(a) considered herself a Communist, maculation his father was a lovable Democrat, and both were committed nudists,5 and the young Lars went on several childhood holidays to nudist camps. They regarded the disciplining of children as reactionary. trier has noned that he was brought up in an atheist family, and that although Ulf trier was Jewish, he was not religious. His p bents did not eachow more room in their ho examplehold for feelings, religion, or enjoyment, and excessively ref apply to bring forth almost(prenominal) rules for their children,6 with complex results for von triers spirit and development.7He began devi sing his own re fronts at the age of 11 after receiving a Super-8 camera as a dower and continued to be involved in independent picture showmaking throughout his high consummation days.3 In 1979, he was enrolled in the thin look at train of Denmark.8 His peers at the call for instill nick material bodyd him von attempter. The name is split up of an inside-joke with the von (German of or from used as a nobiliary particle), suggesting nobility and a certain arrogance, bit Lars is a very common and essayer not an unusual name in Denmark.9 He reportedly kept the von name in homage to Erich von Stroheim and Josef von Sternberg, both of whom overly added it later in life.10 During his epoch as a bookman at the school he do the take ons Nocturne and The make it Detail, both of which win stovepipe characterisation awards at the Munich International fete of pick out Schools.1112 In 1983 he graduated with the 57-minute Images of Liberation, which became the rootage d anish pastry school movie to bid a regular theatrical release.13atomic human activity 63 trilogyAfter graduation he began work on the very stylized nuisance drama, The Element of Crime (Forbrydelsens element 1984), which win a technical award at the Cannes convey feast. His side by side(p) take away was pandemic (1987), which was overly shown at Cannes in the Un plastered Regard section. The film is partly a dark science fiction-tale of a cartridge holder to come plague epidemic, and partly chronicles twain filmmakers (played by Lars von attempter and film writer Niels Vrsel) preparing that film, with the two storylines ultimately colliding. For television von trier rig Medea (1988), which win the Jean dArcy plunder in France. It was based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer and starred Udo Kier. He realised the Europe-trilogy in 1991 with Europa (released as Zentropa in the U.S.), which won the Prix du Jury at the 1991 Cannes put down feast14 and picked up awar ds at other major(ip) fiestas. In 1990 he also order the harmony video for the originationwide hit bakerman by Laid Back.15 This video was reused in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker who did a refashion of Bakerman.Zentropa and The KingdomIn 1992 he and evoker Peter Aalbk Jensen founded the movie action comp whatever Zentropa Entertainment, named after a train company in Europa, their around recent film at the meter.8 The reason for doing this was to achieve financial emancipation and to take for total creative control. The production company has produced numerous movies other than von triers own as puff up as television serial publication. It also has produced loyal sex films Constance (1998), beg Prison (1999), HotMen CoolBoyz (2000) and any roughly Anna (2005). In order to make money for his newly founded company,16 he made The Kingdom (Ri gain, 1994) and The Kingdom II (Ri attempt II, 1997), a pair of miniseries recorded in the Danish national h ospital, the name Riget being a colloquial name for the hospital cognize as Rigshospitalet (lit. The Kingdoms Hospital) in Danish. A aimed third initiation in the series was derailed by the 1998 death of Ernst-Hugo Jregrd, who played Helmer, one of the major characters.Dogme 95In 1995, Lars von trier and doubting doubting Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement which they called Dogme 95. It would however take a while before the beginning of these films appe atomic number 18d, and at this conduct many thought of the thought mainly as a grouping idea with no future.citation needed In 1996, von essayer conducted an unusual theatrical experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors, which he named Psychomobile 1 The founding Clock. A documentary chronicling the project was say by Jesper Jargil, and was released in 2000 with the title De Udstillede (The Exhibited). Von triers next film, dropping out the Waves (1996), the out counterbalance film in von triers Golden Heart Trilogy, won the Grand Prix at Cannes and frolicd Emily Watson, who was nominal for the Academy laurels for Best Actress.Its large-grained images and mitt-held photography head teachered towards Dogme 95. The siemens was The Idiots (1998), put forward for a Palme dOr, which he presented in person at the Cannes Film Festival notwithstanding his dislike of travelling. Dancer in the opaque (2000) was the utmost component of the trilogy. As originator of the Dogme 95 concept, which has led to global interest in Danish film as a whole, he has enliven filmmakers all over the world.17 attempter and Thomas Vinterberg, who take a shitd the Dogme 95 Manifesto and the Vow of faithfulness together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Sren Kragh-Jacobsen sh be in 2008 the European Film Award European Achievement in World Cinema.Explicit imagesVon triers use of sexually translucent images in The Idiots (1998) started a wavecitation needed of arthouse mainstream films with unsimulated sex, such as Catherine Breillats solicit (1999), Baise-Moi (2000), Intimacy (2001), Vincent Gallos The Brown bunny rabbit (2003) and Michael Winterbottoms 9 Songs (2004). In 1998, Lars von essayer also made history by having his company Zentropa be the worlds number one mainstream film company to produce hardcore eroticaographic films.Three of these films, Constance (1998), tapdance Prison (1999) and the adult/mainstream crossover-feature alone About Anna (2005), were made primarily for a young-bearing(prenominal) audience, and were extremely successful in Europe, with the first two being directly obligated for the March 2006 legalizing of pornography in Norway.18 Women as well like to see other population having sex. What they dont like is the perpetual close-ups of hammering bodyparts without a story. Lars von attempter is the first to subscribe realised this and produced valuable shade porn films for women. Ster n No. 40, 27 phratry 200719Lars von Triers opening move spearheaded a European wave of female-friendly porn films from directors such as Anna Span, Erika Lust and Petra Joy, while von Triers company Zentropa was oblige to abandon the experiment due to squelch from English business partners.20 In July 2009, womens magazine Cosmopolitan ranked Pink Prison as No. 1 in its Top Five of the trump out womens porn, calling it the power stupefy for the new porn-generation.21 Lars von Trier would go to explicit images in his self- tell Antichrist (2009), exploring darker themes.2000sIn 2000, von Trier premiered a musical featuring Icelandic actor Bjrk, Dancer in the Dark. The film won the Palme dOr at Cannes.22 The striving Ive Seen It whole (which Trier co-wrote) receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Song. The Five Obstructions (2003), made by Lars von Trier and Jrgen Leth, is a documentary, and if also incorporates lengthy sections of experimental films. The premise is t hat Lars von Trier challenges director Jrgen Leth, his friend and mentor, to remake his old experimental film The meliorate Human (1967) five times, each time with a different obstruction (or obstacle) undertake by von Trier.23 He then directed two films in his announced U.S. trilogy Dogville (2003), scram Nicole Kidman and Manderlay (2005), starring Bryce Dallas Howard in the very(prenominal) role as Grace. Both films are extremely stylized, with the actors playing their parts on a nearly empty soundstage with short entirely chalk marks on the down to indicate the great batchs.Both films had huge designs of major world-wide actors (Harriet Andersson, Lauren Bacall, James Caan, Danny Glover, Willem Dafoe, etc.), and questioned various issues relating to the Statesn society, such as intolerance in Dogville and slavery in Manderlay. Controversy erupted on the 2004 set for Manderlay when actor John C. Reilly walked glum the Trollhttan, Sweden, set in late March. Reilly wal ked mutilate the film when he learned that an approaching prospect involved the slaughter of a donkey for food. The films maker says the animalwho was old and not pass judgment to live much longsightederwas killed off-camera by a certified veterinarian, in conformance with Swedish law. Reilly was re step upd by Zeljko Ivanek.24 The U.S. was also the scene for Dear Wendy (2005), a feature film directed by von Triers Dogme-brother Thomas Vinterberg from a script by von Trier. It starred Jamie Bell and Bill Pullman and dealt with heavy weapon worship and violence in American society.In 2006, von Trier released a Danish-language waggery film, The Boss of it All. It was press stud using a process that von Trier has called Automavision, which involves the director choosing the scoop up possible fixed camera puzzle and then allowing a computer to haphazardly choose when to tilt, pan or zoom. It was followed by an autobiographical film, De unge r Erik Nietzsche sagaen del 1 (200 7), scripted by von Trier tho directed by Jacob Thuesen, which tells the story of von Triers years as a student at the National Film School of Denmark. It stars Jonatan Spang as von Triers alter ego, called Erik Nietzsche, and is narrated by von Trier himself. All main characters in the film are based on real muckle from the Danish film industry,citation needed with the thinly hide portrayals including Jens Albinus as director Nils Malmros, Dejan uki as screenwriter Mogens Rukov and Sren Pilmark in an especially unflattering portrayal as sex-obsessed school booster cable Henning Camre.Von Triers next feature film was Antichrist, an art film approximately a grieving couple who fall behind to their cabin in the woods, hoping a return to Eden leave behind repair their abject hearts and troubled marriage only when nature takes its course and things go from injurious to worse. The film, which includes sexually explicit content, stars Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg. It premiered in competition at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where the feasts jury honoured the movie by giving the Best Actress award to Gainsbourg.25The Cannes Film Festival Ecumenical Jury, which gives prizes for movies that promote spiritual, humane and universal values, also honoured the film with a special anti-award a spokesman for the jury draw it as the most misogynist movie from the self-proclaimed biggest director in the world.26 In 2010 the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter reported on their website that the film production company Zentropa is reportedly making more revenue from suing movie pirates in Germany that take aim downloaded Antichrist illegally than from box military post and DVD sales, demanding a payment of near 1,300 euros per download to avoid legal action.272010sVon Triers latest work is Melancholia, a psychological disaster drama28 shot between 22 July and 8 September 2010 at Film i Vsts studios in Trollhttan, Sweden,29 and with exteriors in the expan se surrounding the Tjolholm Castle.30 Magnolia Pictures has acquired the distri exception offices for North America.31 The film was in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.32 Von Trier announced that after finis Melancholia he hopes to begin production of The Nymphomaniac, a two-part film slightly the sexual change of a woman (Charlotte Gainsbourg).33 The director explained how he got the idea for the upcoming project my DP on Melancholia, Manuel Claro, at one point voiced a surprising prejudice. He urged me not to fall into the trap that so many aging directors fall into that the women get younger and younger and nuder and nuder. Thats all I needed to hear. I most definitely intend for the women in my films to get younger and younger and nuder and nuder.34 The announced cast includes Gainsbourg, Stellan Skarsgrd, Shia LaBeouf, Willem Dafoe, Connie Nielsen, Jamie Bell, Jens Albinus, Jesper Christensen and Nicole Kidman.PhobiasVon Trier suffers from multiple phobias, inc luding an intense apprehension of flying.35 His fear of air travel a good dealtimes places severely limiting con manakints on him and his crew, necessitating that virtually all of his films be shot in either Denmark or Sweden, even those set in the United States or other foreign countries. Von Trier has had a number of his films featured at the Cannes Film Festival over the course of his career, and each time has insisted on driving from Denmark to France for the festival and back. On numerous occasions von Trier has also state that he suffers from occasional feeling which renders him incapable of performing his work and ineffectual to fulfill social obligations.36Filming techniquesLars von Trier has verbalize that a film should be like a stone in your shoe. In order to create original art he feels that filmmakers essential distinguish themselves stylistically from other films, a lot by placing restrictions on the filmmaking process. The most humpn restriction is the cinem atic vow of faithfulness of the Dogme95 movement with which he is associated, though only one of his films, The Idiots, is an actual Dogme 95 film. In Dancer in the Dark, jump shots37 and dramatically-different ruse palettes and camera techniques were used for the real world and musical portions of the film, and in Dogville everything was shoot on a sound stage with no set where the walls of the buildings in the fictional township were marked as lines on the floor.Von Trier often shoots digitally and operates the camera himself, preferring to infinitely shoot the actors in-character without stopping between takes. In Dogville he let actors stay in character for hours, in the drift of order acting. These techniques often put great strain on actors, most famously with Bjrk during the take of Dancer in the Dark. Often he uses the same regular group of actors in many of his films or so of his frequently used actors are Jean-Marc Barr, Udo Kier and Stellan Skarsgrd. He is heavil y influenced by the work of Carl Theodor Dreyer38 and the film The Night Porter.39 He was so inspired by the condensed film The Perfect Human directed by Jrgen Leth that he challenged Leth to make over the short five times in feature film The Five Obstructions.40TrilogiesVon Trier has on occasion referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies. This pattern began with his first feature film, marking the beginning of The Europa Trilogy, though he claims a trilogy was not initially planned, instead being applied to the films in retrospect. The Europe trilogy illuminated the traumas of Europe in the past and future. This trilogy includes The Element of Crime (1984), epidemic (1987) and Europa (1991). The Golden Heart trilogy was to the highest degree frank heroines who maintain their golden hearts in spite of the tragedies they experience. This trilogy consists of Breaking the Waves (1996), The Idiots (1998) and Dancer in the Dark (2000). While all three fil ms are sometimes associated with the Dogme 95 movement, only The Idiots is a certified Dogme 95 film. The USA trim down of Opportunities trilogy follows the character of Grace, and is set in a stylized American past.Von Trier has stated he was inspired to make a trilogy closely the United States as a reaction to Americans at the Cannes film festival who express he had no effective to make the Dancer in the Dark,8 which was often viewed as being dilettanteal of a country he has never been to (and has no intention of ever visiting, due to his phobia of travel) however, von Trier himself has stated in interviews he did not intend it to be a criticism of America, byword the film takes place in a fictional America. Von Trier proposed the films as a series of sermons on Americas sins and cunningcitation needed, inspired by the item that American movie makers have made many movies approximately places across the world to which they have not travelled. All three movies volition b e shot in the same distinctive style, on a divest sound stage with no set and buildings marked by lines on the floor.This style is inspired by 1970s televised theatre. The trilogy go forth consist of Dogville (2003), Manderlay (2005) and the so far not produced Washington. The Depression Trilogy consists of Antichrist, Melancholia and the yet to be completed, Nymphomaniac. All three star Charlotte Gainsbourg and deal with characters that deal with depression or grief in different ways. This trilogy is said to represent the present-day(prenominal) depression that von Trier himself is currently breathing out through. The Kingdom (Riget) was planned as a trilogy of three seasons with 13 episodes in total, merely the third season was not filmed due to death of star Ernst-Hugo Jregrd shortly after completion of the second season.Biological fatherIn 1989, von Triers mother revealed on her deathbed that the man who he thought was his father was not, and that she had had a tryst with h er former employer, Fritz Michael Hartmann (19092000),41 who descended from a long line of Roman Catholic untainted musicians (his grandfather was Emil Hartmann, his great grandfather J.P.E. Hartmann, his uncles include Niels Gade and Johan Ernst Hartmann and thus Niels Viggo Bentzon was his cousin). She stated that she did this in order to give her son artistic genes.42 Until that point I thought I had a Jewish background. But Im unfeignedly more of a Nazi. I believe that my biological fathers German family went back two besides generations. Before she died, my mother told me to be beaming that I was the son of this other man. She said my foster father had had no goals and no strength. But he was a loving man. And I was very sad about this revelation. And you then feel manipulated when you really do turn out to be creative.If Id known that my mother had this plan, I would have become something else. I would have shown her. The slut43 During the German occupation of Denmark, Fri tz Michael Hartmann worked as a civil servant and joined a resistance group (Frit Danmark), actively counteracting any pro-German and pro-Nazi partners in his department.44 Another penis of this infiltrative resistance group was Hartmanns colleague Viggo Kampmann, who would later become prime rector of Denmark.45After four awkward meetings with his biological father, the man refused further contact.46 The revelations led von Trier to attempt to erase the connections with his stepfather by converting to Catholicism, and to redo his filmmaking into a style emphasizing honestness.3 I dont know if Im all that Catholic really. Im probably not. Denmark is a very Protestant country. Perhaps I only turned Catholic to name off a few of my countrymen.43 In 2009, he state, Im a very bad Catholic. In fact Im becoming more and more of an atheist.47Controversy at 2011 Cannes Film FestivalOn 19 may 2011, Cannes Film Festivals maturate of directors declared von Trier persona non grata for comments he made during a press group for his film Melancholia the day before, an unprecedented move for the film festival.4849 Responding to a question by The Times film critic Kate Muir about his German roots and his comments in a Danish film magazine about the Nazi aesthetic, von Trier claimed to have some sympathy for and understanding of Adolf Hitler,50 and then jestingly claimed to be a Nazi himself5152Von Trier at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.What can I say? I understand Hitler, but I animadvert he did some wrongly things, yes, absolutely. Hes not what you would call a good guy, but I understand much about him, and I sympathize with him a little bit. But come on, Im not for the Second World state of war, and Im not against Jews. I am of course very much for Jews, no not too much, because Israel is pain in the ass, but still how can I get out of this sentence. Press congregation for Melancholia, Cannes, 20115354Referring to the art of Nazi architect Albert Speer, v on Trier added he had some talent that was kind of possible for him to use during Ok, Im a Nazi. Then, to Toronto Star film critic Peter Howell, who questioned whether Melancholia could be an answer to Hollywood blockbusters and asked von Trier if he could envision doing a film on a grander exceed than this, von Trier replied On a grander shield? Yeah. Yeah thats what we Nazis, we have a tendency to do things on a greater scale. Yeah, maybe you could persuade me into the final solution with journalists. Hours later, von Trier released a sketch statement of apology about his comments at the press conference If I have hurt someone this morning by the words I said at the press conference, I sincerely apologise.I am not anti-semitic or racially prejudiced in any way, nor am I a Nazi.55 The next day, the festival directors held an extraordinary meeting, deciding his remarks were unacceptable, insufferable and contrary to the ideals of humanity and generosity that control over the very existence of the festival. The dialog box of directors condemns these comments and declares Lars von Trier persona non grata at the Festival de Cannes, with effect immediately.55 Afterwards, von Trier held a news conference of his own in Danish. His first remark to the Danish journalists was If any of you journalists will beat me, so just do it. I will enjoy it. He went on to say that The Holocaust is the wipe up crime that ever happened. I have nothing against Jews. I have a Jewish name, and all my children have Jewish names.He admitted that his remarks about the Nazis had been misguided, saying It was really stupidly done and it was in the wrong forum. At the press conference with Danish journalists, there were no problems, but I do not think the international journalists understand my Danish humor. But he also said he was majestic to have been kicked out of the Cannes festival I am proud to have been declared persona non grata. It is perhaps the first time in cinematic h istory, it has happened. I think one reason is that French heap treated the Jews badly during World War II. Therefore, it is a sensitive topic for them. I respect the Cannes festival very highly, but I also understand that they are very angry at me right now.5655 Speaking to other news outlets he said that his comments were very sarcastic and very rude, but thats very Danish.He also added, I dont sympathize with Hitler for one second.57 In the October 2011 issue of GQ, von Trier is quoted in an interview saying he was not really pitiable for the comments he made, only sorry he didnt make it clear that he was joking. He added, I cant be sorry for what I saidits against my nature.58 On 5 October 2011, von Trier was interviewed by police in Denmark about his remarks at Cannes. Afterwards, he announced that he had decided from this day forth to cease from all public statements and interviews.59HonoursVon Trier was made a Knight of the come out of the Dannebrog on 14 January 1997.60 Ten years later von Trier decided to hand back the prize, saying that the Danish imperial family are just simple wad of bad quality.61

Dick Hebdige’s work Subculture: The Meaning of Style

Dick Hebdiges puddle Sub nuance The Meaning of Style has had a spectacular impact inwardly the bea of pagan studies as it manages to render the forego theories of sub market-gardening ace step further, and to pin arrest the difference of opinions mingled with culture and subculture as substantially as to trace the the hidden messages inscribed on the flamboyant surfaces of movement (Hebdige, 18). Hebdige follows on the tracks of semiology as theorized to begin with him by Saussure and Roland Barthes and tries to read and date the signs and the wording of the subcultures that emerged in Great Britain afterwards World contend II, such as the thugs, the mods or the skinheads.Also, he is inspired to a bang-up extent by Levi-Strausss structuralist anthropology. What is really significant ab forth Hebdiges operations though is that he applies the strictly theoretical frame that had been constructed by the preceding authors directly to the different styles which appearg ond as forms of subculture. Thus, he tries to interpret the outer signs which were displayed by severally of the groups, from the punks to the skinheads, and reveal their social and heathen meaning.He uses habiliment and hair styles, types of music or terpsichore and so on, as part of the language of the subcultures, in which the actual social meanings are inscribed. Thus, according to Hebdige although the social gradees were said to give up disappeared after the present moment World War, they were truly simply transformed into ideological divisions from the mainstream. The sectiones indeed formed were subcultures, that is, marginal discourses which opposed the common tendency of the anonymous culture actual at that point in cadenceIt has become nearlything of a clich to talk of the peak after the Second World War as one of enormous unrest in which the traditional patterns of bread and butterspan in Britain were swept aside to be replaced by a new, and superfici ally less sieve-ridden governance Nonetheless class ref apply to disappear. The sorts in which class was faild, however the forms in which the experience of class gear up expression in culture did change dramatically.The advent of the can media, changes in the constitution of the family, in the organization of cultivate and release, shifts in the relative status of work and leisure, all served to fragment and polarize the undertaking community, producing a series of marginal discourses within the broad confines of class experience. (Hebdige, 54) As Hebdige emphasizes, the subcultural styles formed their own rhetoric by means of a certain bureau of living and of an ostentatious appearance, as a solvent to the particular cultural, social, political percentage of the time.In brief, it can be said that these subcultural styles were a form of protest to the anonymous culture. Although sometimes their rhetoric, as in the case of the punks, was on purpose baffling and consc iously aiming at meaninglessness, to the point that it seemed to work against the reader and to resist some(prenominal) authoritative interpretation,(Hebdige, 89) it formed nevertheless a perspicuous symbolic order in itself.The subcultural groups represent, in Hebdiges view, responses to the contrary fableology of class, that is, to the federal agency in which class was rather proclaimed as gone and therefore reaffirmed by the media Rather the different styles and the ideologies which grammatical construction and determine them represent negotiated responses to a impertinent mythology of class. In this mythology, the withering away of class is paradoxically countered by an undiluted classfulness, a sentimentalist conception of the traditional exclusively way of (working-class) life revived twice periodic on television programs like coronation Street.The mods and skinheads, then, in their different ways, were handling this mythology as oftentimes as the exigencies of th eir material condition. They were learning to live within or without that amorphous physical social organise of images and typifications do available in the mass media in which class is alternately unmarked and overstated, denied and reduced to caricature. (Hebdige, 55) Thus, Hebdige sees subcultures as homogeneous and coherent forms of rhetoric, which go beyond the merely swear to shock the public opinion.In point, as he theorizes, all the parts of the systems of symbols that make up a particular style are homologous, and they can be said to be as coherent as a whole way of life In Profane Culture, Willis shows how, contrary to the popular myth which presents subcultures as lawless forms, the internal structure of any particular subculture is characterized by an extremum orderliness each part is organically related to other parts and it is finished the fit between them that the subcultural member makes nose out of the world.For precedent, it was the homology between an alternative value system (Tune in, turn on, drop out), hallucinogenic drugs and acid rock which made the hippy culture cohere as a whole way of life for individual hippies. (Hebdige, 123) As Hebdige remarks the subcultures were actually unattackable constructs, which were unremarkably meant as a response to a crisis situation, as is the case of the punks at the end of the 1970s, whose rhetoric mimicked the chaos of the side social and economical life.The violent and prurient style was in fact a language in itself, in gross(a) accordance with the way in which swore or spoke There was a homological relation between the trashy compartmentalise clothes and spiky hair, the pogo and amphetamines, the spitting, the vomiting, the format of the fanzines, the insurrectionary poses and the soulless, frantically driven music. The punks wore clothes which were the sartorial equivalent of swear words, and they swore as they change &8212 with calculated effect, lacing obscenities into reco rd nones and promotional material releases, interviews and love songs.Clothed in chaos, they produced Noise in the calmly orchestrated Crisis of e veryday life in the late 1970 s(Hebdige, 125) Hebdige so highlights the identity operator of language and style within the subcultural rhetoric. The punks for instance functioned as a current in which the meanings were not evening fixed as such, although the general meaning behind the style was that the prohibit is permitted, as Hebdige comments If we were to write an epitaph for the punk subculture, we could do no better than restate Poly Styrenes famous dictum Oh Bondage, Up Yours or somewhat more concisely the forbidden is permitted, but by the same token, nothing, not even these forbidden signifiers (bondage, safety pins, chains, hair-dye, etc. ) is sacred and fixed. (Hebdige, 125)The subcultures were thus a way of subverting the anonymous, mainstream currents trough a form of stylistic rhetoric. The main discontents with the contemporary world were thus displayed by means of dress or discordant music for example, aiming at a deconstruction of traditional concepts or cultural facts.The subcultural styles didnt target necessarily the determine of a certain society, as it is usually believed, but rather those notions and cultural patterns that they found as incoherent and contradictory. They were actually an compend embodiment of the extracurricular chaos, and not a chaotic response to order, or a protest against order. Also, the subcultural streams aimed at emphasizing discreteness and difference and their adherents were intentionally posing as aliens to society and wearing masks so as to avoid any categorization or prescribed identityThey the punks played up their Otherness, happening on the world as aliens, inscrutables. Though punk rituals, accents and objects were deliberately used to signify working-classness, the exact origins of individual punks were mask or symbolically disfigured by the make- up, masks and aliases which seem to have been used, like Bretons art, as ploys to escape the principle of identity. (Hebdige,126) Another very important characteristic of the subcultural movements is, as Hebdige pocks, the fact that they strived to confuse the usual divisions of race, gender and chronology by combining them in their style.The boundaries between the vacuous and black cultures are progressively erased through with(predicate) the borrowings that the white cultures made from the black ones in their style it is on the plane of esthetics in dress, dance, music in the whole rhetoric of style, that we find the dialogue between black and white most subtly and comprehensively recorded (Hebdige, 96) The subcultures proceeded to mix up the separate elements of the mainstream culture, attacking thus the root word of identity and opening the way to difference and othernessBehind punks favored bring down ups lay hints of disorder, of breakdown and category cloudiness a des ire not only when to erode racial and gender boundaries but also to confuse chronological date by mixing up lucubrate from different periods. (Hebdige, 128) The important thing to note therefore is that in Hebdiges supposition the subcultures were deviations from the anonymous culture, aiming at decentralizing some of the most rooted concepts and ideas of society, and at establishing a new different order outside the stereotypes of society. All this was done through style, ranging from music to dressing and all the other means of expression.Style works therefore as a system of signs, as a school text that must be read to dig out the meaning behind it. Obviously, Hebdiges work deals with the subcultures in the modern epoch, after the Second World War. Therefore, there have been attempts to take his study further, so as it whitethorn capture the way in which subculture is manifested in postmodernism. Although the main subcultures that Hebdige discusses- the punks, the teddy boys , the mods, the skinheads, the Rasta men and so on, lost their force or even disappeared, some subcultural groups still exist today, although their structure seems to be different from that of the modern subcultures.The styles in the contemporary world are, to a great extent, the products of postmodernism and therefore imitate its main tenants, its atomisation and hybridization. There are no nightlong entirely compact, coherent or well delimited subcultures like those identified by Hebdige, therefore the concepts he proposed remain largely valid for the historical period he analyzed in his work. His approach is very enlightening for any cultural studies inquiry but it should be modified or continued so as to turn back the contemporary phenomena.

'Marketing Environment Essay\r'

'The merchandising Environment Learning Objectives 1. Describe the surroundingsal forces that yarn-dye the partnership’s big businessman to serve its nodes. 2. Explain how changes in the demographic and economic environments affect selling decisions. 3. get word the major trends in the firm’s natural and technological environments. 4. Explain the primordial changes in the political and cultural environments. 5.\r\n question how companies privy react to the marketing environment. Chapter Overview In order to correctly identify opportunities and reminder threats, the ac attach to must(prenominal)iness begin with a thorough understanding of the marketing environment in which the firm operates. The marketing environment consists of all the factors and forces outside marketing that affect the marketing management’s ability to develop and maintain successful coincidence¬ships with its target customers.\r\nThough these factors and forces may inter polate depending on the specific company and industrial group, they can generally be divide into broad microenvironmental and macroenvironmental components. For most companies, the microenvironmental components ar: the company, suppliers, marketing channel firms (intermediaries), customer markets, competitors, and publics. The macroenvironmental components are notion to be: demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural forces.\r\nThe wise marketing manager knows that he or she cannot of all time affect environmental forces. Smart managers can take a proactive, rather than reactive, blast to the marketing environment. As a company’s marketing management collects and processes information on these environ-ments, it must be incessantly vigilant in its efforts to apply what it learns to evolution opportunities and dealing with threats. Studies have shown that excellent companies not only have a raw sense of customer but an gustation of the enviro nmental forces swirling around them.\r\nBy forever and a day looking at the dynamic changes that are occurring in the aforementioned environments, companies are cave in prepared to adapt to change, prepare long strategy, meet the needs of straight off’s and tomorrow’s customers, and compete with the concentrated competition present in the spherical marketplace. Chapter Outline 1. The companion’s Microenvironment The Company a. In designing marketing plans, marketing management takes other company groups into account. These interrelate groups form the internal environment. b. Marketing managers must work closely with other company departments.\r\nSuppliers c. Suppliers form an important link in the company’s overall customer value delivery system. d. Marketing managers must watch supply availability. They also monitor lizard the price trends of their key inputs. e. Most marketers today treat their suppliers as partners in creating and delivering c ustomer value. Marketing Intermediaries f. Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. i. Resellers are distribution channel firms that help the company reveal customers or make sales to them. ii.\r\n'

'The Lamp at Noon\r'

'In the neat story” the lamp at noon” Sinclair Ross is severe to develop that conception that sometimes in biography individuals atomic number 18 often impelled mad by their geographical isolation. A young spans dreams of happiness after argon torn apart by the terrible members of nature and by lack of dialogue to cope with the changing condition. First of each(prenominal) the indite Sinclair Ross uses to convey the idea of isolation is finished the horrendous setting. The setting was describe in a very token manner creating imagery that dishs focus of how unaffectionate the couples felt.The author develops the setting by exploitation personification, for example…”Demented wind fled kneel past the mansion house; a palisade through the eaves that died every minute or two”. This statement is given the commentator the mood of the setting, a calamitous, dreary, somewhat ugly, and demoralize scene. The change in brave out reflects ho w the characters argon feeling. Paul and Ellen both feel upset, depressed, and dark especi bothy about their relationship too. As the story progress, the change in weather effects the character moods a miniature more directly.The setting in this gip story is critical element in the story, without it, the plot would be kind of dull, because it gives the ref an idea of the time and place in the story’s plot ,which answer the reader focus of how quarantined the characters feels. morsel fashion that the author help delineate the character is by using characterization. Sinclair utilise outstanding description for the two principal(prenominal) characters. This is because they could both relate fairly, easily, and realistically. Ellen’s wet feeling which revolve around the idea of a break up, healthier and even a little more â€Å"rewarding” life are nicely depicted.The reality of her hopes, however, is that the subject’s she wants and needs most ar e unattainable, which links to how isolated she feels. Ellen feels if she doesn’t pack these glamorous items, she ca-cas depressed. Ellen just sits and waits for a emend opportunity, and her husband to follow safe and hold up to comfort her with kip down and affection as shown in this excerpt…”please quell… I m so caged if I could only break away and run. gather I stand like this all day. I can’t relax. My throat so tight it aches.From this quote, you can already tell how the characters feel and how Ellen way of describing the way she feels portrayed an accustomed to the finer things in life, but also that she needs love and care from her husband to replace that need. this instant Paul on the other side, a rugged, strong, self-exaltation farmer is a spotlight stronger and make more persistent for winner compared to Ellen. He struggles to keep his land and parentage alive and booming. He was quite determined in staying and trying, and wait ing for the land to get bankrupt, as well as stacks of rain to feed them.There was a constant quantity motion of his feeling for rain and better crops the following year. â€Å"Well have crops again… replete(p) crops. The land will come back, it’s worth waiting for”. The pride Paul has for his land, the hope he keeps for betterment of his land success, and the strength, physical and emotional he has is great example. Since he is the only superstar who feels this way between himself and Ellen, he is â€Å"isolated”, as well. Characters, their feeling and actions described a vital part in the contribution towards how they feel about the land.They both respectively isolated themselves, as well as isolated together from society because of the phenomena that’s happening. Last, but not least the author uses symbolism. This is meaningful it spread out through the story. The author uses one symbol the help the reader realized how import it authen tically is. The author uses the lamp, the fact that it is lit at noon show’s that it is perpetually dark, and foggy from all the storm, which symbolizes hope and corporate trust the couple has for each other, for a better life, and for their child. The lamp is a very important element in story.Ellen also points out the lamps role”… desert. The lamp lit at noon…” this quote shows the lingering thread of hope and religious belief left among the two, away to deal with isolation. Ellen’s sign of fear shows the weakness and bolt down which slowly bottles up and explodes in kindle later on leaving the house and taking the baby knowing that the alcove would not survived. In conclusion, the author shipway how not be act with isolation setting beside you, and has done a good job of it. This was created by the characters mood and symbolism that help contribute the way the couple felt about been isolated.\r\n'

'King Lear’s Journey of Finding Self-Knowledge Essay\r'

'In the play, we operate queer Lear going through a voyage of self- retireledge. The play starts with King Lear who seems to be obsess with honour. He divides his country, giving the one who honor him the most the biggest part. But the cheating of his young womans, Goneril and Regan, and the going of the little girl who truly loved him, Cordelia, depart make him see clear once more. This get out make Lear see himself and the world as they truly are. First I’ll stage how Lear lacks self-k instantaneouslyledge at the start of the play. Then I’ll shortly discuss what political effects the lack of self-k straightwayledge has on the country.\r\nThird I’ll show what causes Lear to regain his self-k instantlyledge. In the origination of the play, Lear seems obsessed with honour. He divides his country among his daughters establish on who praises him the most. Giving the one who praises, or loves as Lear calls it, him the most the will take the largest are a of land. But the strange amour is that; immediately after one daughter speaks he tells her which part of the country she’ll receive. So that means that Lear supposedly knew already how he wanted to divide his country, and that the whole affair is just to boost his own ego.\r\nSo when Cordelia and Kent, who truly love him, don’t want to play his game of praise, he reacts real strongly and banishes them from the country. He however threatens to kill Kent: â€Å"Thy Banished trunk be free-base in our dominions, the moment is thy death”. This shows that his smart for praise and honour make him dip for what is unfeignedly happening roughly him. We see this again when Kent, in disguise, decides to serve the King. Kent uses Lear’s aridity for honour to gain barter: â€Å"No, sir, entirely you create that in your launch up which I would fain call passkey”. Lear: â€Å"What’s that”? Kent: â€Å"Authority”.\r\nLear is bli nded by his hunger and doesn’t even know that the person, who he banished, is standing right in front of him. We see that Lear’s hunger for praise and honour make, him blind for what is really happening around him. He gives absent his country to his daughters who are devilish minded, and the daughter who truly loves him is banished. So the country is now shared and ruled by the evil daughters, Goneril and Regan. And Lear, even after he split his country, wants to remain powerful and keeps a snow knights. Goneril and Regan are unhappy with the way Lear is acting so they turn against him.\r\nThis leaves the country divided and vulnerable, because Lear still owns a hundred knights. I guess that is why the French invaded, as well the fact that Cordelia was banished and married France may concur had something to do with it. So the decision of Lear to give Goneril and Regan his country and banish Cordelia seems to have caused a war. The long turning point for Lear i s when he left Gloucester’s castle and ends up in a fierce storm. through and through Lear’s anger over his buy the farm conversation with Goneril and Regan, and the power of the storm starts the operation of the change within Lear. Lear starts to see the treachery of Goneril and Regan.\r\nAlso from this moment, Lear no longer sees himself as a mighty king but as â€Å"a poor, infirm rachitic and despised old man”. any though Lear still doesn’t tear himself for all this: â€Å"I am a man more sinned against than sinning”. subsequently this Lear goes through another change, it seems Lear starts caring for those around him and not just of himself. He thinks nigh the poor and how hard their live is, he says: â€Å"Poor naked wretches wheresoe’er you are, that last out the pelting of this pitiless storm, how shall your houseless heads and unfed sides, your looped and windowed raggedness, champion you”.\r\nLear then gains the self -knowledge of how he never helped the poor. When Lear meets Cordelia again his journey of finding self-knowledge comes to an end. He now sees that he punished Cordelia while it should have been her sisters. He asks Cordelia for forgiveness for what he has done. Finally, when Lear returns carrying the remains of Cordelia, he once again realizes that he is no different from other people. His behavior ends with the great words: â€Å"Pray you, disclose this button”.\r\nSo it seems Lear starts as a man who’s blinded by the hunger for praise and honour. Because of his lack of self-knowledge he makes the wrong decisions: banishing Cordelia and giving Goneril and Regan all the power. These decisions had great influence on the country. The country was now ruled by his two daughters, who were too busy with conspiring against him. During the play Lear goes through a long process of finding his self-knowledge. In the last seconds of his life he finds himself.\r\n'

'Shedding Light in the Shadow of Misconceptions\r'

'With a sad heart, I answer the aforementioned question with yes.  Islam is viewed unfavorably by m some(prenominal)(prenominal) concourse in this globalized field.  Sometimes, it is often dubbed as the religion espoused by the terrorists o extremists. hardly not on the whole Muslims atomic number 18 terrorists and not all terrorists atomic number 18 Muslims. The media magnified and somewhat vilified the image of Islam much after the September 11 event.\r\nBut argon these accusations and perceptions all true?\r\nMisconceptions virtually the religion continue to generate fear, displeasure and judgment among uninformed minds. This paper aims to neglect a little light on the three common misconceptions about(predicate) Islam involving women, rescuer christ, and the alleged use of sword in affording the religion. It aims to convey the message to the solid ground’s non-Muslim population.\r\nFirstly, non-Muslims thought that Islam degrades women by classifying them as properties or as second-class citizens. The feeling is wrong. The Qur’an upholds and esteems women; they are not regarded as flagitious temptress. Women’s rights were guaranteed by the Islamic rightfulness over 1,400 years ago. Islam allows women to own properties, hunt down a business and receive tolerable pay for work.  History tells us that about 50 years ago, women in two England and America were not allowed to acquire whatsoever property without the consent and signature of their husbands or father. Likewise, Islam women can’t be labored to marry against their forget.\r\nIslam women are not bound under the veil, as umpteen master it. The clothes serve as tri thate against any malicious intention stemming from a man’s sight. Flaunting a personate invites rape and harassment; it is therefore consistent for a Muslim woman to stray herself with cover.  Many Muslim women around the founding are in top positions.  cut in to the late Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan. Isn’t she the embodiment of Muslim woman empowerment? Women are highly-valued, cared for and regard in Islamic society.  In addition, Islam stop the ancient Arab practice of killing neonate daughters.  Such is the premium given by Islam on women or young girls. low Islam, both sexes are treated fairly.\r\nSecondly, some some other people view Islam as against savior Christ. But to a Muslim, Jesus Christ is a grand prophet. Muslims respect and grapple Jesus. Muslims call him as Nabi Isa †the Arabic bourn for Prophet Jesus. The Qur’an speaks about him and admonishes Muslim to recall in his virgin birth and miracles. It essential be remembered that Muslims are not fight Jesus Christ when they speak against the account book or Christianity. Muslims are just criticizing some claims of Christians.  However, Muslims reject the idea of Trinity and the righteousness of Incarnation.  In a Muslim’s hear t, Jesus Christ stiff the great prophet who performed good deeds and miracles to some people.\r\nLastly, non-Muslims were taught that Islam spread through and through the use of sword. It must(prenominal) be noted that Muslims are amend by the Qur’an on non-compulsion in religion.  If Islam was spread by the sword, then most of India, mainland China and even much than half of the world should be under Islam by now.  India remains a predominantly Hindu realm and China, a communist republic. Islamic traders went through different places to bring business but did not kill or compact people to be converted to Islam. The people were impressed by the traders’ life that they select the religion which they have.  In contrast, history attests to the military group and brutal killings by other religions, such(prenominal) as the Crusades, in vain endeavour to convert people.\r\nFurthermore, according to the Reader’s Digest, for a period of 50 years, fro m 1944 to 1984, more people converted to Islam than in any other faith. Now, were they threatened to be killed or forced to be converted?  Islam room submission and those who chose to be a Muslim, did so volitionally, out of their free will.\r\nThe above-mentioned are just a few among the many misconceptions about Islam. Still, much of the world’s humanity has animosity towards the religion or its followers. For someone to understand Islam, one has to pass on his or eyes. Judgment must be suspended first to see that Islam is more than a religion, but a course of life. It is a life of submission to the will of God. Muslims are not enemies. Like us, they are also humans in hire of acceptance and belonging. Like any other religions, Islam must be respected, too.  If one would fall the time to study and understand its teachings, besides then will he o she would be able to correct the misconceptions on the religion.\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n \r\n'